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The big questions (pdf)
nam tran
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Bertrand Russell A Free Man's Worship
lucifadie walkure
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[Philosophy3] On Religion(Including Freeman s worship, p40, Bertrand Russell)
Aris Kim
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Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Morality
Ben Fraser
In this thesis I discuss the Sexual Selection for Morality (SSM) hypothesis, which seeks to explain the evolution of morality in terms of sexual selection and costly signalling. The first part of the thesis puts SSM on the table for critical dissection. My starting point is the work on sexual selection, costly signalling, and morality by evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller. I clarify and elaborate upon Miller’s views by drawing on recent work in signalling theory. The result is a clearer and more nuanced version of SSM. In the second part of the thesis, I evaluate the empirical evidence for this revised version of SSM. I first clarify the predictions of the hypothesis, then survey relevant literature from biology, psychology, anthropology, and economics. Findings from these fields combine to support the claim that moral behaviour plays a signalling role. However, it appears likely that such signals are aimed at many receivers in addition to potential mates, including potential social allies as well as sexual and social rivals. SSM should thus be seen as part of a more general signalling based account of morality. The third and final part of the thesis considers the metaethical implications of the truth of SSM. A relatively recent arrival on the metaethical scene is the Darwinian debunker, who claims that an evolutionary explanation of morality is, broadly speaking, undermining of morality. A prominent line of reply has been to claim that the fact (if it be one) that human morality is an adaptation shaped by selection over many millennia provides reason to think that our faculty for making moral judgements is likely to mostly produce true judgements. I call this the reliabilist reply. If SSM is true, I argue, then not all the conditions required for the success of the reliabilist reply are met. In particular, what I call the tracking condition fails to be met. The truth of SSM thus counts against the plausibility of the reliabilist reply and lends support to Darwinian debunkings of morality.
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Seeing Good In All
Harun Yahya Books
Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya)If you could stop for a moment and think about your life, you would notice that all your memories, even though they might comprise those of several decades, would add up to only a few minutes of conversation. What you once considered important, or had greatly looked forward to, or sought to avoid, are all now part of the past. Whatever remains of these thoughts and feelings are just memories.However, in the sight of God, each word you uttered, and every thought that crossed your mind, are known to Him. After death, which is destined to happen to every one of us, their records will be unfolded before us. Our life, which will then seem to have been only minutes, will be presented to us moment after moment, without even a single instant missing. In the sight of God, no detail of your life is forgotten.If you have spent your life submitting to God's absolute sovereignty, in every aspect of your life, accepted the purpose of His creation, and, thereby, recognized the good in all things, and been aware of the ultimate perfection in every instant of the divine plan decreed by God, then you can be certain that the end-result for you will be good.That is because, at death, man is faced with two choices; if one has lived by the values proclaimed by God, he will attain eternal salvation. Otherwise, he will suffer everlasting torment. The morality God demands be adopted by His servants is a feeling of gratitude towards Him, in every instance, no matter what the conditions and circumstances may be, and having faith that ultimately there is good in whatever befalls us, by being aware that everything is from God.To become accepting of everything that befalls us, having faith that there is good in each and every case, however seemingly adverse, and being instead thankful for every instance, is by no means an unattainable ideal. Rather, it is a truth, recognizable through a grasp of God's greatness and exaltedness. One needs only to know his Lord, the Creator of this world and every circumstance in his life, and to be grateful towards Him for that very reason.From the moment a person opens his eyes to the world, it is God Who ordains every event that takes place in his life. God is the All-Mighty, the All-Wise and the All-Just. All is created by God in compliance with a plan, and for a divine purpose just as He says in a verse of the Qur'an, "Indeed, all things We created with predestination." (Surat al-Qamar: 49) In light of God's infinite might and superiority, man is merely a feeble being. Without God's blessings he cannot survive. Through his ability to understand and reason, man can grasp realities only to the extent that his Creator allows him. This being the case, submission to God's infinite wisdom and the divine purpose He had ordained in all things, is a fundamental requirement upon each and every one of us. No matter what we may experience in life, we must remain aware that God is the Sovereign Lord of the entire universe, that He knows, sees and hears what we cannot, that He is knowledgeable even of that which might take place or occur of which we are unaware, and thus, we are to realize that it is God who causes every occurrence to happen, and according to a divine purpose: for our own good.Putting faith in this truth should inspire us with a better outlook, by which we feel grateful for everything that befalls us. In other words, a person will try to recognize the "good" in everything he hears, in every sight he sees, in every incident he experiences, in brief, in every moment of his life, and thereby, achieve a proper understanding of the meaning of this life. Making the right choice between those offered to him, expressed in the Qur'an as, "We guided him on the Way, whether he is thankful or unthankful" (Surat al-Insan: 3), man will, by God's Will, attain the supreme end-result, that is, the eternal life in paradise.The purpose of this book is to make light of the beauty of living with the recognition that there is good in every moment one experiences, and every incident one encounters, and to remind ourselves of the blessings such an outlook on life brings, both in this world and beyond. Likewise, by exposing that which hinders a person from seeing this good, this book may aid in saving one from succumbing to a way of thinking opposed to Islam. This book is intended to encourage man towards adopting the proper moral principles by which he will say, "There is good in this", not by mere words, but with his heart, and showing patience in the face of difficulties with heartfelt submission and gratitude, rather than merely enduring the situation. For, to remind each other of the perfection of the destiny ordained by God, it is to summon all believers to enjoy the pleasure of submitting to His infinite wisdom.
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Moral Disagreement and Arational Convergence
Journal of Ethics, 2019
Patrick Hassan
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Comprehensive-review
Ken Ramirez
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The Idea of Moral Progress: Bush versus Posner versus Berlin
Philosophy of Education Archive, 2003
Richard Shweder
The Arrogance of Satan
Harun Yahya Books
Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya)Allah created the angels and jinn before He created the Prophet Adam. They were glorifying Allah with praise. Then, Allah created Adam (as), the first human being, and commanded the angels to prostrate themselves to him.With wholehearted obedience, the angels complied with Allah' s command and prostrated themselves to Adam. Yet, Iblis (Diabolis), one of the jinn, rebelled against this command. That is because, he believed that he was superior to Adam (as). Out of this arrogance, he replied to the question posed to him by Allah: "Iblis, what prevented you prostrating to what I created with My own Hands? Were you overcome by arrogance or are you one of the exalted?" (Surah Sad: 75), as follows:"I am better than him. You created me from fire but You created him from clay."(Surah Sad: 76)Iblis, who dared such a disobedience to Allah' s command, was denounced by Allah and was destined to the eternal torment of Hell.The reason why Iblis revolted against Allah was due to his "arrogance," or to put it in other words, "vanity." What instilled these feelings of pride in Iblis was a vice he had allowed to grow within himself: "Ego"…The equivalent term of "ego" in Arabic (enaniyet) is a derivative of the word ene. It means attributing a separate existence to one' s self, seeing one' s existence apart from and independent of Allah, and orienting one' s deeds, attitudes and outlook by it.Arrogance, on the other hand, is merely one of the manifestations of "Ego." Once a person builds an "ego-centered attitude," eventually he will begin to boast about the qualities and means Allah had granted to him as blessings, such that, these means become the presumed justification of his flawed mindset.No matter the circumstances, such a person sees himself superior and greatly valuable. In the Qur' an, such a person is said to deify himself.Consequently, arrogance and, in connection with it, vanity, equals to associating partners to Allah and disbelief. In fact, this vice of Iblis' is explained thus: "... Iblis who was arrogant and was one of the disbelievers." (Surah Sad: 74)The arrogance of Iblis, which made itself evident when he was commanded to prostrate to Adam (as), ultimately resulted in eternal torment for him. This account indicates how great a danger arrogance is to those who harbour this evil feeling in their heart.Arrogance is Satan' s most fundamental character flaw. Consequently, "arrogance" and "vanity," which is its derivative, are the source of all evil and perversion. As it was the case with millions of people who have lived in the past, these flaws for which Satan was guilty have also seized control of the base natures of innumerable number of people living today, drag them into the same evil ways of Iblis.An arrogant person, that is, someone who attributes an independent power to himself, and thus shows an undue arrogance towards Allah, and turns his back to His verses, is continually vulnerable to Satan' s wiles. The purpose of this book is to present all the aspects of arrogance and the character flaws of a person who is seized by this malady, and to summon all, upon whom Satan exerts his influence, to avoid him and to cleanse themselves of this evil.With these aims in mind, throughout the book, we will consider the psychological condition of vain people, in relation to the fault of "arrogance," which is their inherent flaw.We hope that this book serves as a strong warning to all of our readers to shun this evil vice of Iblis' .
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Evolutionary Ethics and the Moral Argument
Hannah Pheasant
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MICHAEL MARTIN AND THE MORAL ARGUMENT FOR GOD'S EXISTENCE
R. Keith Loftin
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Aspects of Western Philosophy
Sreekumar Nellickappilly
A Brief Overview of some important contributions in European Thought
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Character-Types of The Unbelievers
Harun Yahya Books
Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya)Our guidance to the truth with which we can discover the purpose of creation, distinguish right from wrong, and learn the true meaning of life, is the Qur’an. Because, the Qur’an was revealed by Allah, Who created human beings, and Who is their only judge and master. Therefore, it is only by living by the morality of religion Allah has revealed in the Qur’an that people may improve on their lack of knowledge, and become cognizant enough to save themselves from the ignorance they are surrounded by.The collective of those who are far removed from the morality of religion, ignoring its important reality, compose the nations of ignorance. But the ignorance we mean here has a far different meaning than the one in common use. These peoples may be sophisticated, cultured and educated; they may be experts in many branches of science; they may have read hundreds of books, succeeded in numerous discoveries, and may even be famous for their accomplishments. But, neither the status they have attained, nor their accomplishments, nor the formulas they have discovered, nor the books they have read are enough to counter the ignorance that surrounds them. The ignorance we mean here is the fact that these nations do not know Allah, our Creator, or recognize His power as they should; they do not know what He expects of them, and the kind of moral and personal quality with which one expects Allah to be pleased. This pervasive type of ignorance adversely affects them in every aspect of their lives.The only sure way to escape this ignorance is for them to turn to the Qur’an, the remedy to their lack of knowledge, and edifier of the hidden realities of this life and the next, and our Prophet’s (saas) Sunnah. Otherwise, there is no other source of truth. But, because they fail to refer to it, they have concocted numerous false ideologies and belief systems. All have different conception of the purpose of life; different ideals and different concepts of what is moral. Each is so in conflict with the other that it is often impossible for them to exist together in harmony. Each defends his own particular belief while criticizing the others. Because they suspect one another, and are often at odds with one another, they are fraught with many difficulties.As stated earlier, the only solution is for them to conform to the kind of life prescribed by the true religion. And Allah, Who created human beings, has again revealed for them in the Qur’an the ideal life, which will allow them to derive the greatest amount of benefit from all things.The purpose of this book is to explore several examples of the kind of life and the type of character that the nations of ignorance have produced, and to show that every approach it has formulated has come to an impasse. Moreover, it will attempt to show that the typical character produced by the nations of ignorance can never attain the contentment and peace of mind they seek.In addition, this book will demonstrate that the character of a believer, as described in the Qur’an, is superior to any other of the thousands of character types that emerge among ignorant nations, and show how excellent the life lived by a believer compared to the life of ignorance.
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ISLAM Haroon Yahya Quran Harun THE ARROGANCE OF SATAN
Mizela Pratama
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The Conquest of Happiness by Bertrand Russell 1930 VTS
Arka Sen
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Niezsche beyond research
junjie ma
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Bertrand Russell - Why I Am Not a Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects
Putri Puspita
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on Morality
Brian Leiter
Nietzsche is one of the most important and controversial thinkers in the history of philosophy. His writings on moral philosophy are amongst his most widely read works, both by philosophers and non-philosophers. Many of the ideas raised are both startling and disturbing and have been the source of great contention.
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Satan's Sly Game the False Religion of People-worship
Harun Yahya Books
Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya)Throughout history, in some societies what people expect from one another has been more important than what Allah (God) expects from people. With no awareness of the Qur'an's decrees or of the way of life enjoined in that book, people have strived to fulfill the expectations of the societies and social environments in which they live.Throughout history, in some societies what people expect from one another has been more important than what Allah (God) expects from people. With no awareness of the Qur'an's decrees or of the way of life enjoined in that book, people have strived to fulfill the expectations of the societies and social environments in which they live.This ingrained and very distorted way of thinking and living leads some individuals to squander their material and spiritual resources, even spending their lives in this pursuit. This worldly way of thinking develops into a kind of false religion with its own commandments and prohibitions, truths and falsehoods, obliging everyone to conform to them. In societies where people abide by this superstitious religion, every individual is required to accept the ready-made program of what society expects of him. Only in this way can he live among others without being rejected and humiliated. Any individual who does not conform to what is expected of him gets a clear sense from the way others speak to him and behave that they look down on him.
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Ethics and Empirical Psychology
Empirically Informed Ethics
Antti Kauppinen
In this paper, I examine six arguments concerning or making use of empirical psychological evidence in metaethics and normative ethics. Generally speaking, I find that the ambitious ones fail and the more modest ones ought to moderate their conclusions further. (Updated draft, December 28, 2012)
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The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell
José Reséndiz
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Marxist reflections on a world in crisis
Christopher Wright
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Dhammapada-commentary-111207234426-phpapp02
Emmanuel Caliwan, J.D.
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Ethical Theory
lamyaw zawng
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Nietzsche and Wittgenstain: In Serach of Secular Salvation
Nietzsche and Wittgenstain: In Serach of Secular Salvation, Academic Publishing House Dialog, Warsaw, 2002
Shoshana Ronen
This book focuses on a number of questions that occupied Nietzsche and Wittgenstein and reveals in what way the two philosophers, who are quite different in temperament do actually share much in common.
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The Solution to Secret Sorrows
Harun Yahya Books
Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya)During the course of your life, you have met a great many people. As well as those you encounter every day in person—your family, friends and your colleagues at school and work—you see dozens of people from all over the world in the newspapers and magazines. And on your TV screen, you watch the behavior of hundreds more.Think for a moment about these individuals you recall in your memory. Try to call to mind facial expressions and conversations you have grown accustomed to since your childhood... the comments some have made about their lives, their concerns and worries and the ways they express them... the remarks that colleagues repeat daily, and what others say amongst themselves about their families and financial problems.Try to recall in your mind's eye the people you've seen in the street, waiting at a bus stop, trying to battle their way home through dense traffic, or being splashed with rainwater by passing cars.Remember the images of actors in TV programs, those who act the part of happy people, seemingly enjoying themselves in front of the cameras and who claim to the press that they're friends but behind one another's backs, say unbelievably bad things. Think about their spiritual state and the state of those unable to protect themselves from jealousy, hatred, rivalry or other such emotions—and who, while trying to entertain others because it is their job to do so, betray their own unhappiness in everything they do off-stage and off-camera.Examine the lives of people who have attained the highest possible worldly rank, who have enough money to buy whatever they want whenever they choose, who live in the finest houses and own the latest model cars, who wear the most expensive clothes and who—because of their achievements— are most respected and listened to in their community.
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The Crises of Post-Truth Politics on the Left and Right: An Analysis and Response
Ronald P Hesselgrave
America is currently locked in a battle between forces on the left and the right for which each side believes is the soul of the republic. In this essay, I argue that a defining characteristic of the hyper-partisanship on both ends of the political spectrum is a post-truth politics. Simply put, post-truth politics involves the inability to rise above partisan politics and arrive at a moral consensus based on a common search for truth. Politics is increasingly characterized by a totalistic “winner-take-all” and relativistic “win-at-any-cost” mentality which threatens the foundations of our democracy.
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Morality in Conflict in the Workplace
Cathy Bennett
Conflict is still thought of as something to avoid at all costs in most organizations. Unfortunately, the way conflict is currently framed by Western society keeps it from being better understood and well managed. Most workplace conflict is currently thought of as happening to the people involved, based on Western society’s dependence on realism as the predominant way of knowing. This orientation to reality along with an unconscious reliance on the implicit morality of Western society’s “strict family dynamics versus nurturing family dynamics” conditions the response to conflict resolution. Current traditional conflict resolution techniques are not solving the problem of workplace conflict. A new awareness of the intrapsychic processes of conflict is required in order to create a different orientation to conflict and longer lasting resolution.This thesis contends that the intrapsychic processes are the cause of most, if not all, workplace conflict. These processes include: cognitive biases such as judgmentalism, prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination; cognitive errors that create perceptual distortions, and false realities; and emotional reactiveness based on evolutionary threatresponse. These tendencies coupled with Western society’s overarching moral paradigms create a conundrum impossible to overcome for most. In order to create a more effective way of dealing with the implicit aspects of conflict, a better understanding of intrapsychic processes must be brought forth. For this purpose, the moral psychology of social psychologist, Jonathan Haidt, will be presented as a new way of viewing conflict in the workplace, using a social constructivism epistemology. From the reframing of workplace conflict using Haidt’s moral psychology, this thesis proposes a pilot for a new conflict training course with the goal of making morality, as defined by Haidt, conscious and accessible to managers and supervisors who must manage workplace conflict. Haidt’s moral psychology reframes traditional conflict in an evolutionary and moral way, which enhances the human tendencies toward altruism rather than selfishness. Reframing conflict as moral dilemmas changes the emphasis from unconscious colluding with forces outside oneself to the need for conscious awareness of the part one plays in conflict, intentionally or not. Conflict cannot be avoided as long as organizations are human-based, but it can be managed if it is understood.
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ACTING WIDE AWAKE: ATTENTION AND THE ETHICS OF EMOTION
Jake H. Davis
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Our Human Herds: The Theory of Dual Morality
Denise Morel, Stephen Martin Fritz
This book presents a new conceptual model in moral and political philosophy called “dual morality.” The theory proposes that, just as our senses of sight, smell and hearing evolved to help us successfully navigate the physical environment, our two “moral senses” have evolved to guide us through our social life. One guides our feelings and actions in times of plenty and security, and the other guides us in times of scarcity and danger. These two moral outlooks manifest themselves in many ways and are responsible for all human social institutions. In the political arena, they are manifested as “liberal” or “conservative”; in the economic arena, they are expressed as “socialist” or “capitalist”; and at the psychological level, individuals are defined in terms of either “personality” or “character.”
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Nietzsche's Meta-Axiology: Against the Sceptical Readings
Andrew Huddleston
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A Brief Review of A Posteriori Arguments for the Existence of God
Glen Hammons
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