ABD Article Index
1
Aaron (PERSON) + 1:1-6 Spencer, John R.
Ab. See also Calendar 1:6
Abaddon 1:6 Grether, Herbert G.
Abagtha (PERSON). See Mehuman (PERSON)
Abana (PLACE) 1:6 Roth, Ray Lee
Abarim (Place) 1:6-7 Ferch, Arthur J.
Abba + 1:7-8 Ashton, John
Abda (PERSON) + 1:8 Fretz, Mark J.
Abdeel (PERSON) 1:8 Fretz, Mark J.
Abdi (PERSON) + 1:8 Fretz, Mark J.
Abdiel (PERSON) 1:8 Fretz, Mark J.
Abdon (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:8-9 Boling, Robert G.
Abdon (PLACE) + 1:9 Peterson, John L.
Abednego (PERSON). See Shadrach, Meshach, Abednego
Abel (PERSON) + 1:9-10 Hess, Richard S.
Abel-beth-Maacah (PLACE) + 1:10 Fritz, Volkmar
Abel-Keramim (PLACE) + 1:10-11 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Abel-Meholah (PLACE) + 1:11-12 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Abgar, Epistle of Christ to + 1:12-13 McVey, Kathleen E.
Abi (PERSON) 1:13 Schearing, Linda S.
Abi-Albon (PERSON) + 1:13 Fretz, Mark J.
Abiasaph (PERSON) 1:13 Fretz, Mark J.
Abiathar (PERSON) + 1:13-14 Whitelam, Keith W.
Abib. See Calendars 1:14
Abib, Tel. See Tel-Abib (PLACE)
Abida (PERSON) + 1:14 Fretz, Mark J.
Abidan (PERSON) 1:14 Fretz, Mark J.
Abiel (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:14-15 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Abiezer (PERSON) 1-2 1:15 Schley, Donald G.
Abigail (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:15-16 Schearing, Linda S.
Abihail (PERSON) 1-5 1:16 Schearing, Linda S.
Abihu (PERSON) + 1:16-17 Fretz, Mark J.
Abihud (PERSON) + 1:17 Fretz, Mark J.
Abijah (PERSON) 1-9 + 1:17-18 Petter, Gerald J.
Abijah, King of Judah + 1:18-19 Whitelam, Keith W.
Abijam (PERSON). See Abijah (PERSON)
Abila of the Decapolis (M.R. 231231) + 1:19-20 Mare, W. Harold
Abilene (PLACE) + 1:20 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Abimael (PERSON) + 1:20 Müller, Walter W.
Abimelech (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:20-21 Matthews, Victor H.
Abimelech (PERSON) 3 + 1:21-22 Halpern, Baruch
Abinadab (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:22-23 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Abinoam (PERSON) 1:23 Fretz, Mark J.
Abir. See Names of God (OT)
Abiram (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:23-24 Hutton, Rodney R.
Abishag (PERSON) + 1:24 Schearing, Linda S.
Abishai (PERSON) 1:24-26 Schley, Donald G.
Abishalom (PERSON). See Absalom (PERSON)
Abishua (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:26 Fretz, Mark J.
Abishur (PERSON) 1:26 Fretz, Mark J.
Abital (PERSON) 1:26 Fretz, Mark J.
Abitub (PERSON) 1:26 Fretz, Mark J.
Abiud (PERSON) + 1:26 Fretz, Mark J.
Abner (PERSON) + 1:26-28 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Abode of the Dead. See Dead, Abode of the
Abomination of Desolation + 1:28-31 Wenham, David
Abortion in Antiquity + 1:31-35 Ricks, Stephen D.
Abraham (PERSON) + 1:35-41 Millard, Alan Ralph
Abraham, Apocalypse of + 1:41-43 Rubinkiewicz, Ryszard
Abraham, Testament of + 1:43-44 Mueller, James R.
ABD Article Index
2
Abram (PERSON). See Abraham (PERSON)
Abron (PLACE) + 1:44-45 Fretz, Mark J.
Abronah (PLACE) + 1:45 Fretz, Mark J.
Absalom (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:45-46 Howard, David M., Jr.
Abu et-Twein, Khirbet (M.R. 158119) + 1:46 Mazar, Amihay
Abu Ghosh (M.R. 160134) + 1:46-47 Lechevallier, Monique
Abu Hamid, Tell (M.R. 192204) + 1:47-48 Dollfus, Genevieve; Kafafi, Zeidan A.
Abu Thawwab, Jebel (M.R. 230174) + 1:48-49 Kafafi, Zeidan A.
Abubus (PERSON) 1:49 Fretz, Mark J.
Abyss, the 1:49 Grether, Herbert G.
Acacia. See Flora
Accad (PLACE) + 1:49-50 Davila, James R.
Accents, Masoretic. See Masoretic Accents
Acco (PLACE) + 1:50-53 Dothan, Moshe
Achaia (PLACE) 1:53 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Achaicus (PERSON) 1:53-54 Gillman, John L.
Achan (PERSON) + 1:54 Greenspoon, Leonard J.
Achbor (PERSON) 1-2 1:54 Fretz, Mark J.
Achim (PERSON) + 1:54-55 Fretz, Mark J.
Achior (PERSON) + 1:55 VanderKam, James C.
Achish (PERSON) + 1:55-56 Christensen, Duane L.
Achor (PLACE) + 1:56 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Achsah (PERSON) + 1:56-57 Fretz, Mark J.
Achshaph (PLACE) 1:57 Benjamin, Paul
Achzib (PLACE) + 1:57-58 Prausnitz, M.W.
Acraba (PLACE) 1:58 Fretz, Mark J.
Acre (PLACE). See Acco (PLACE)
Acrostic + 1:58-60 Soll, Will
Acts of Andrew. See Andrew, Acts of
Acts of Andrew and Mattathias. See Andrew and Mattathias, Acts of
Acts of John (by Prochorus). See John, Acts of (by Prochorus)
Acts of Paul. See Paul, Acts of
Acts of Peter. See Peter, Acts of
Acts of Peter and Paul. See Peter and Paul, Acts of
Acts of Peter and the Twelve. See Peter and the Twelve, Acts of
Acts of Philip. See, Philip, Acts of
Acts of Pilate, See Pilate, Acts of
Acts of the Apostles. See Luke-Acts, Book of
Acts of Thekla. See Thekla, Acts of
Acts of Thomas. See Thomas, Acts of
Acts, Book of. See Luke-Acts, Book of
Adadah (PLACE) + 1:60 Fretz, Mark J.
Adah (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:60 Hübner, Ulrich
Adaiah (PERSON) 1-7 + 1:60-61 Uitti, Roger W.
Adalia (PERSON) + 1:61-62 Bedford, Peter
Adam (PERSON) + 1:62-64 Wallace, Howard N.
Adam (PLACE) + 1:64 Fretz, Mark J.
Adam and Eve, Life of + 1:64-66 Levison, John R.
Adam, Apocalypse of (NHC V,5) + 1:66-68 Hedrick, Charles W.
Adam, the Testament of + 1:68 Robinson, Stephen E.
Adamah (PLACE) 1:69 Fretz, Mark J.
Adami-Nekeb (PLACE) + 1:69 Thompson, Henry O.
Adar. See also Calendars (Hebrew) 1:69
Adasa (PLACE) 1:70 Fretz, Mark J.
Adbeel (PERSON) + 1:70 Fretz, Mark J.
Addan (PERSON) + 1:70 Fretz, Mark J.
Addan (PLACE) 1:70 Fretz, Mark J.
Addar (PERSON) + 1:70 Fretz, Mark J.
Addar (PLACE) + 1:70 Fretz, Mark J.
Addax. See Zoology
ABD Article Index
3
Addi (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:70-71 Fretz, Mark J.
Additions to Daniel. See Daniel, Additions to
Additions to Esther. See Esther, Additions to
Additions to Jeremiah. See Jeremiah, Additions to
Addon (PLACE). See Addan (PLACE) 1:71
Addus (PERSON) 1:71 Fretz, Mark J.
Ader, Khirbet (M.R. 222068) + 1:71-72 Richard, Suzanne
Adida (PLACE) + 1:72 Hardwick, Michael E.
Adiel (PERSON) 1-3 1:72 Fretz, Mark J.
Adin (PERSON) + 1:72-73 Fretz, Mark J.
Adina (PERSON) + 1:73 Fretz, Mark J.
Adithaim (PLACE) + 1:73 Fretz, Mark J.
Adlai (PERSON) 1:73 Fretz, Mark J.
Admah (PLACE) + 1:73 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Admatha (PERSON) 1:73 Fretz, Mark J.
Admin (PERSON) + 1:73-74 Fretz, Mark J.
Adna (PERSON) 1-2 1:74 Fretz, Mark J.
Adnah (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:74 Fretz, Mark J.
Adonai 1:74 O’Brien, Julia M.
Adoni-Bezek (PERSON) + 1:74 Schley, Donald G.
Adoni-Zedek (PERSON) + 1:75 Schley, Donald G.
Adonijah (PERSON) 1:75-76 Christensen, Duane L.
Adonikam (PERSON) 1:76 Fretz, Mark J.
Adoniram (PERSON) 1:76 McMillion,Phillip E.
Adoption + 1:76-79 Knobloch, Frederick W.
Adoraim (PLACE) 1:79 Kotter, Wade R.
Adrammelech (DEITY) + 1:79 Grayson, A. Kirk
Adrammelech (PERSON) + 1:80 Grayson, A. Kirk
Adramyttium (PLACE) + 1:80 Wineland, John D.
Adria, Sea of (PLACE) + 1:80 Stefanovic, Zdravko
Adriel (PERSON) + 1:81 Edelman, Diana Vikander; Fretz, Mark J.
Aduel (PERSON) 1:81 Fretz, Mark J.
Adullam (PLACE) + 1:81 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Adultery 1:82-86 Adler Goodfriend, Elaine
Adummim (PLACE) + 1:86-87 Thompson, Henry O.
Adversary. See Satan
Advocate 1:87 Grether, Herbert G.
Aeneas (PERSON) 1:87 Grether, Herbert G.
Aenon (PLACE) + 1:87 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Aesora (PLACE) 1:87 White, Sidnie Ann
‘Affula, el- (M.R. 177223) + 1:87-88 Dever, William G.
Agabus (PERSON) + 1:88 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Agag (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:88-89 Christensen, Duane L.
Agagite (PERSON) + 1:89-90 Fretz, Mark J.
Agape Meal + 1:90-91 Ferguson, Everett
Age 1:91 Grether, Herbert G.
Agee (PERSON) + 1:91-92 Fretz, Mark J.
Agia (PERSON) 1:92 Fretz, Mark J.
Aging. See Old Age
Agora (PLACE) 1:92 Grether, Herbert G.
Agrapha + 1:92-95 Stroker, William D.
Agriculture + 1:95-98 Borowski, Oded
Agrippa (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:98-100 Braund, David C.
Ague. See Sickness and Disease
Agur (PERSON) + 1:100 Berry, Donald K.
Ahab (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:100-104 Thiel, Winfried; Elliott, Dietlinde M. (trans.)
Aharah (PERSON) 1:104 Fretz, Mark J.
Aharel (PERSON) + 1:104 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahasbai (PERSON) 1:104 Schley, Donald G.
Ahashtarites. See Haahashtari 1:104
ABD Article Index
4
,7 + 2:137 Oster, Richard E., Jr.
ABD Article Index
27
Demetrius the Chronographer + 2:137-138 Holladay, Carl R.
Demons: 2:138-142
Old Testament 2:138-140 Kuemmerlin-McLean, Joanne K.
New Testament + 2:140-142 Reese, David George
Demophon (PERSON) 2:142 Nelson, Russell D.
Demotic Chronicle + 2:142-144 Johnson, Janet H.
Den of Lions. See Punishments and Crimes (OT and ANE)
Denarius. See Coinage
Deposit + 2:144 Caulley, Thomas Scott
Derbe (PLACE) + 2:144-145 Wineland, John D.
Descent to the Underworld + 2:145-159 Bauckham, Richard
Desire. See Wanting and Desiring
Desolation, Abomination of. See Abomination of Desolation
Dessau (PLACE) + 2:159 Kampen, John
Destiny. See Meni (DEITY)
Destroyer, The + 2:159-160 Watson, Duane F.
Deuel (PERSON) 2:160 Launderville, Dale F.
Deutero-Isaiah. See Isaiah, Book of (Second Isaiah)
Deuterocanonical. See Apocrypha
Deuteronomic (D) Source. 2:160
See also Deuteronomy, Book of; Torah (Pentateuch); Source Criticism (OT)
Deuteronomistic History + 2:160-168 McKenzie, Steven L.
Deuteronomy, Book of + 2:168-183 Weinfeld, Moshe
Devil + 2:183-184 Watson, Duane F.
Devout + 2:184 Stuehrenberg, Paul F.
Dew. See Palestine, Climate of
DH. See also Deuteronomistic History 2:184
Dhahr Mirzbâneh (M.R. 156182) + 2:184-185 Dever, William G.
Diadem. See Dress and Ornamentation
Dialogue + 2:185-188 Majercik, Ruth
Dialogue of the Savior (NHC III,5) + 2:188-189 Hills, Julian V.
Diatessaron + 2:189-190 Petersen, William L.
Diatribe + 2:190-193 Stowers, Stanley K.
Diblaim (PERSON) 2:193 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Dibon (PLACE) + 2:194-196 Tushingham, A. Douglas
Dibri (PERSON) + 2:197 Viviano, Pauline A.
Didache + 2:197-198 Kraft, Robert A.
Didymus. See Thomas (PERSON)
Diet. See Meal Customs; Zoology
Diklah (PERSON) + 2:198-199 Müller, Walter W.
Dilean (PLACE) 2:199 Kotter, Wade R.
Dill. See Flora
Dimnah (PLACE) 2:199 Herion, Gary A.
Dimon (PLACE) 2:199 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Dimonah (PLACE) + 2:199-200 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Dinah (PERSON) + 2:200 Meyers, Carol
Dinhabah (PLACE) + 2:200-201 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Diognetus, Epistle to + 2:201 Grant, Robert M.
Dionysius (PERSON) 2:201 Wheeler, Frank E.
Dionysus (DEITY) + 2:201-202 Dillon, John M.
Dioscorinthius + 2:202-203 Kampen, John
Dioscuri + 2:203 Danker, Frederick William
Diotrephes (PERSON) + 2:204 Fry, Virgil R. L.
Direction and Orientation 2:204 Drinkard, Joel F., Jr.
Discharge. See also Holiness; Unclean and Clean + 2:204-207 Wright, David P.; Jones, Richard N.
Disciple, Discipleship + 2:207-210 Weder, Hans; Martin, Dennis (trans.)
Disciple, Manual of. See Community, Rule of the (1QS)
Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth (NHC VI,6) + 2:210-212 Majercik, Ruth
Discourse, Direct and Indirect + 2:212-213 Alter, Robert
Disease. See Sickness and Disease
ABD Article Index
28
Dishan (PERSON) + 2:214 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Dishon (PERSON) 1-2 2:214 Mariottini, Claude F.
Dismemberment. See Punishments and Crimes
Dives. See Lazarus and Dives
Divination, Diviner. See Magic (OT)
Divine Assembly + 2:214-217 Mullen, E. Theodore, Jr.
Divine Man. See Aretalogy
Divine Names (OT). See Names of God
Divine Warrior. See Warrior, Divine
Diviners’ Oak (PLACE) + 2:217 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Divorce + 2:217-219 Wall, Robert W.
Dizahab (PLACE) + 2:219 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Dodanim + 2:219 Hess, Richard S.
Dodavahu (PERSON) 2:219-220 Dempster, Stephen G.
Dodo (PERSON) 1-3 2:220 Schley, Donald G.
Doe. See Zoology
Doeg (PERSON) 2:220 Hübner, Ulrich
Dog. See Zoology
Dok (PLACE) 2:220 Smith, Robert Wayne
Dolmen 2:220-221 Swauger, James L.
Domestication of Animals. See Zoology
Domitian (EMPEROR) + 2:221-222 Jones, Brian W.
Dophkah (PLACE) + 2:222-223 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Dor (PLACE) + 2:223-225 Stern, Ephraim
Dorcas (PERSON) + 2:225-226 Witherington, Ben, III
Dorymenes (PERSON) 2:226 Rappaport, Uriel
Dositheus (PERSON) 1-5 + 2:226 Rappaport, Uriel
Dothan (PLACE) + 2:226 Dever, William G.
Douay Version + 2:227-228 Lewis, Jack P.
Double Names. See Names, Double
Dove. See Zoology
Dowry. See Marriage
Drachma. See Coinage
Dragon and Sea, God’s Conflict with + 2:228-231 Day, John
Dreams in the NT and Greco-Roman Literature + 2:231-232 Everts, Janet Meyer
Dress and Ornamentation + 2:232-238 Edwards, Douglas R.
Drinking. See Eating and Drinking
Dromedary. See Zoology
Drowning. See Punishments and Crimes
Drum. See Music and Musical Instruments
Drusilla (PERSON) + 2:238-239 Braund, David C.
Dumah (PERSON) + 2:239-240 Zarins, Juris
Dumah (PLACE) 1-3 2:240 Brodsky, Harold
Dung Gate (PLACE) + 2:240 Mare, W. Harold
Dur-Kurigalzu (PLACE) + 2:240-241 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Sager, Paul (trans.)
Dura (PLACE) + 2:241 Thompson, Henry O.
Dura-Europos (PLACE) + 2:241-243 Thompson, Henry O.
Dwarf. See Sickness and Disease
Dye. See Zoology
Dysentery. See Sickness and Disease
Dysphemism. See also Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
E. See also Elohist 2:245
Eagle. See Zoology
Earrings. See Jewelry
Earth + 2:245-248 Janzen, Waldemar
Earth, New. See New Earth, New Heaven
Earthworm. See Zoology
East 2:248 Drinkard, Joel F., Jr.
East Country (PLACE) + 2:248 Williams, David Salter
East Gate (PLACE) + 2:248-249 Liid, Dale C.
ABD Article Index
29
East, People of the + 2:249 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Easter. See Passion Narratives
Eastern Sea (PLACE) + 2:249-250 Lubetski, Meir
Eating and Drinking in the Old Testament + 2:250-254 Jenks, Alan W.
Ebal (PERSON) 2:254 Matthews, Victor H.
Ebal, Mount (PLACE) + 2:255-258 Zertal, Adam
Ebed (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:258-259 Shogren, Gary S.
Ebed-Melech (PERSON) 2:259 Dalglish, Edward R.
Ebenezer (PLACE) 2:259-260 Hamilton, Jeffries M.; Kutsko, John F.
Eber (PERSON) 1-5 + 2:260 Hess, Richard S.
Eber (PLACE) + 2:260 Hess, Richard S.
Ebez (PLACE) 2:260
Ebionites + 2:260-261 Goranson, Stephen
Ebionites, Gospel of the + 2:261-262 Petersen, William L.
Ebla Texts + 2:263-270 Biggs, Robert D.
Ebron (PLACE). See also Abdon (PLACE) 2:270
Ecbatana (PLACE) 2:270-271 Perkins, Larry J.
Ecclesiastes, Book of + 2:271-280 Crenshaw, James L.
Ecclesiasticus, Book of. See Wisdom of Ben-Sira
Ecstasy + 2:280-281 Ringgren, Helmer
ed-Daliyeh, Wadi. See Daliyeh, Wadi ed- (M.R. 189155)
Eddinus (PERSON). See Jeduthun (PERSON)
Eden (PERSON) 2:281 Lowery, Kirk E.
Eden, Garden of (PLACE) + 2:281-283 Wallace, Howard N.
Eder (PERSON) 1-2 2:283-284 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Eder (PLACE) 2:284 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Eder, Tower of (PLACE) + 2:284 Liid, Dale C.
Edessa (37º08'N; 38º46'E) 2:284-287 McVey, Kathleen E.
Edna (PERSON) 2:287 Redditt, Paul L.
Edom (PLACE): 2:287-301
Edom in History + 2:287-295 Bartlett, John R.
Archaeology of Edom + 2:295-301 MacDonald, Burton
Edomite Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Edrei (PLACE) 1-2 2:301 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Education: 2:301-317
Education in Mesopotamia + 2:301-305 Civil, Miguel
Ancient Israel + 2:305-312 Lemaire, André
Greco-Roman Period + 2:312-317 Townsend, John T.
Egerton Papyrus 2 + 2:317-318 Gamble, Harry Y.
Eglah (PERSON) 2:318-319 Schearing, Linda S.
Eglaim (PLACE) 2:319 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Eglath-Shelishiyah (PLACE) 2:319 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Eglon (PERSON) + 2:319-320 Kutsko, John F.
Eglon (PLACE) + 2:320-321 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Egypt (PERSON) 2:321 Hess, Richard S.
Egypt, Brook of + 2:321 Görg, Manfred
Egypt, History of: 2:321-374
See also Egyptian Relations with Canaan
Chronology + 2:322-331 Kitchen, K. A.
Prehistory + 2:331-336 Wendorf, Fred; Close, Angela E.
Neolithic to Dynasty I + 2:336-342 Williams, Bruce B.
Early Dynastic-1st Intermediate Period (Dyn. 1-11) + 2:342-345 Kadish, Gerald E.
Middle Kingdom-2nd Intermediate Period (Dyn. 11-17) 2:345-348 Leprohon, Ronald J.
New Kingdom (Dyn. 18-20) + 2:348-353 Murnane, William J.
3d Intermediate-Saite
,Period (Dyn. 21-26) + 2:353-364 Spalinger, Anthony
Persian Period (Dyn. 27-31) + 2:364-367 Lloyd, Alan Brian
Greco-Roman Period + 2:367-374 Brown, S. Kent
Egypt, Plagues in + 2:374-378 Hoffmeier, James K.
Egypt, River of + 2:378 Görg, Manfred
Egyptian Language. See Languages (Egyptian)
ABD Article Index
30
Egyptian Literature 2:378-399
Survey of Egyptian Literature + 2:378-390 Assmann, Jan
Egyptian Biographies + 2:390-393 Sherman, Elizabeth J.
Egyptian Love Songs + 2:393-395 Fox, Michael V.
Egyptian Wisdom Literature + 2:395-399 Williams, Ronald J.
Egyptian Oracles. See Oracle (Ancient Egypt)
Egyptian Relations with Canaan + 2:399-408 Ward, William A.
Egyptian Religion + 2:408-412 Wente, Edward F.
Egyptian Theology. See Memphite Theology
Egyptian, The (PERSON) + 2:412-413 Brown, S. Kent
Egyptians, Gospel of the (NHC III,2 and IV,2) + 2:413-414 Wisse, Frederik
Ehi (PERSON) 2:414 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Ehud (PERSON) 1 + 2:414 Halpern, Baruch
Ehud (PERSON) 2 2:414 Kutsko, John F.
Ein el-Jarba. See Jarba, ‘Ein el-
Ein Yael Project. See Rephaim, Valley of
Eker (PERSON) + 2:415 Dalglish, Edward R.
Ekron (PLACE) + 2:415-422 Dothan, Trude; Gitin, Seymour
El (DEITY). See Names of God in the OT
el-Areini. See Areini, Tell el-
el-‘Ajjul, Tell. See ‘Ajjul, Tell el-
el-Batashi. See Batashi, Tell el-
El-Berith (DEITY). See Baal-Berith (DEITY)
el-Emir, ‘Iraq. See ‘Iraq el-Emir
el-Ghassul. See Ghassul, Tuleilat el-
el-Hesi, Tell. See Hesi, Tell el-
el-Hiri, Rujm. See Rujm el-Hiri
el-Husn. See Husn, el-
el-Jarba, ‘ein. See Jarba, ‘Ein el-
el-Jib (PLACE). See Gibeon (PLACE)
el-Khalil, Ramat. See Ramat el-Khalil
el-Kheleifeh, Tell. See Kheleifeh, Tell el-
el-Kom, Khirbet. See Kom, Khirbet el-
el-Marjameh, Khirbet. See Marjameh, Khirbet el-
el-Maskhuta, Tell. See Maskhuta, Tell el-
el-Mazar, Tell. See Mazar, Tell el-
el-Meshash, Khirbet. See Meshash, Khirbet el-
el-Milh, Tell. See Malhata, Tel
El-Olam (DEITY). See Names of God in the OT
El-Paran (PLACE) 2:423 Astour, Michael C.
el-Qedah, Tell. See Hazor
el-Qom, Khirbet. See Kom, Khirbet el-
el-Umeiri, Tell. See ‘Umeiri, Tell el-
Ela (PERSON) + 2:423 Glatt, David A.
Elah (PERSON) 2:423 Hübner, Ulrich
Elah, Valley of (PLACE) 2:423 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Elam (PERSON) 1-6 2:423-424 Hess, Richard S.
Elam (PLACE) + 2:424-429 Vallat, François; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Elasa (PLACE) 2:429 Glatt, David A.
Elasah (PERSON) 1-2 2:429 Glatt, David A.
Elath (PLACE) + 2:429-430 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Elchasaites + 2:430-431 Strecker, Georg; Martin, Dennis (trans.)
Eldaah (PERSON) + 2:431 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Eldad (PERSON) + 2:431 Slayton, Joel C.
Eldad and Modad + 2:431 Charlesworth, James H.
Elder. See Palestine, Administration of (Post-exilic Judean Officials); Family
Elders, Tradition of the. See Tradition of the Elders 2:432
Elead (PERSON) + 2:432 Davis, M. Stephen
Eleadah (PERSON) 2:432 Davis, M. Stephen
Elealeh (PLACE) 2:432 Mattingly, Gerald L.
ABD Article Index
31
Eleasah (PERSON) 2:432 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Eleazar (PERSON) 1-10 2:432-433 Propp, William H.
Eleazar (PERSON) 11 + 2:433 Porter, Stanley E.
Elect Lady + 2:433-434 Watson, Duane F.
Election 2:434-444
Old Testament + 2:434-441 Patrick, Dale
New Testament + 2:441-444 Shogren, Gary S.
Element, Elemental Spirit + 2:444-445 DeMaris, Richard E.
Eleph. See Ha-Eleph (PLACE)
Elephant. See Zoology
Elephantine Papyri + 2:445-455 Porten, Bezalel
Eleutherus (PLACE) 2:455 Herion, Gary A.
Elhanan (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:455-456 Dempster, Stephen G.
Eli (PERSON) + 2:456-457 Youngblood, Ronald
Eli, Eli, Lama Sabachthani 2:457 Wilcox, Max
Eliab (PERSON) 1-7 2:457-458 Petter, Gerald J.
Eliada (PERSON) 1-3 2:458 Howard, David M., Jr.
Eliahba (PERSON) + 2:458 Bailey, Randall C.
Eliakim (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:458-459 Clem, H. Eldon
Eliakim (PERSON) 4-5 + 2:459 Porter, Stanley E.
Elialis (PERSON) 2:459 McGehee, Michael David
Eliam (PERSON) + 2:459-460 Bailey, Randall C.
Eliasaph (PERSON) 2:460 Slayton, Joel C.
Eliashib (PERSON) 1-7 + 2:460-461 Wright, John W.
Eliasis (PERSON) 2:461 McGehee, Michael David
Eliathah (PERSON) + 2:461 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Elidad (PERSON) 2:461 Panitz, Raphael I.
Eliehoenai (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:461-462 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Eliel (PERSON) 1-6 2:462 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Elienai (PERSON) 2:462 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Eliezer (PERSON) 1-11 + 2:462-463 Propp, William H.
Elihoreph (PERSON) 2:463 McMillion,Phillip E.
Elihu (PERSON) + 2:463 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Elijah (PERSON) 1 + 2:463-466 Walsh, Jerome T.
Elijah (PERSON) 2-4 2:466 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Elijah, Apocalypse of + 2:466-469 Wintermute, Orval S.
Elika (PERSON) + 2:469 Dempster, Stephen G.
Elim (PLACE) + 2:469 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Elimelech (PERSON) 2:469 Mathews, Kenneth A.
Elioenai (PERSON) 1-6 2:470 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Elionas (PERSON) 2:470 McGehee, Michael David
Eliphal (PERSON) + 2:470 Dempster, Stephen G.
Eliphaz (PERSON) 1 + 2:471 Hübner, Ulrich
Eliphaz (PERSON) 2 + 2:471 Holbert, John C.
Eliphelehu (PERSON) 2:471 Dillard, Raymond B.
Eliphelet (PERSON) 1-6 + 2:471-472 Howard, David M., Jr.
Elisha (PERSON) + 2:472-473 Whitelam, Keith W.
Elishah (PERSON) 2:473 Baker, David W.
Elishama (PERSON) 1-6 2:473 Berridge, John M.
Elishaphat (PERSON) 2:473-474 Lowery, Kirk E.
Elisheba (PERSON) 2:474 Slayton, Joel C.
Elishua (PERSON) 2:474 Howard, David M., Jr.
Eliud (PERSON) + 2:474 Porter, Stanley E.
Elizabeth (PERSON) + 2:474-475 Witherington, Ben, III
Elizaphan (PERSON) 1-2 2:475 Panitz, Raphael I.
Elizur (PERSON) 2:475 Launderville, Dale F.
Elkanah (PERSON) 1-8 + 2:475-476 Youngblood, Ronald
Elkiah (PERSON) 2:476 White, Sidnie Ann
Elkosh (PLACE) 2:476 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Ellasar (PLACE) + 2:476-477 Astour, Michael C.
ABD Article Index
32
Elmadam (PERSON) + 2:477 Porter, Stanley E.
Elnaam (PERSON) + 2:477 Pisano, Stephen
Elnathan (PERSON) 1-4 + 2:478 Berridge, John M.
Elohim. See Names of God in the OT
Elohist + 2:478-482 Jenks, Alan W.
Elon (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:482 Boling, Robert G.
Elon (PLACE) 2:482-483 Glatt, David A.
Elon-Beth-Hanan (PLACE) + 2:483 Glatt, David A.
Eloth (PLACE). See Elath (PLACE)
Elpaal (PERSON) 2:483 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Elpelet (PERSON). See Eliphelet (PERSON)
Eltekeh (PLACE) + 2:483-484 Peterson, John L.
Eltekon (PLACE) + 2:484 Kotter, Wade R.
Eltolad (PLACE) + 2:484 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Elul. See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 2:484
Elusa (M.R. 117056) + 2:484-487 Negev, Avraham
Eluzai (PERSON) 2:487 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Elymais (PLACE) 2:487 Gasque, W. Ward
Elymas (PERSON) + 2:487-488 Martin, Thomas W.
Elyon. See Most High
Elzabad (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:488 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Elzaphan (PERSON). See Elizaphan (PERSON)
Emadabun (PERSON) 2:488 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Emar (36º01'N; 38º05'E) + 2:488-490 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Sager, Paul (trans.)
Emathis (PERSON) 2:490 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Embalming + 2:490-496 Jones, Richard N.
Embroidery. See Dress and Ornamentation
Emek Rephaim (Jerusalem). See Rephaim, Valley of (PLACE)
Emek-Keziz (PLACE) 2:496
Emendations, Scribal. See Scribal Emendations
Emesa + 2:496-497 Sullivan, Richard D.
Emim 2:497 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Emir, Iraq el-. See Iraq el-Emir (M.R. 221147)
Emmaus (PLACE) + 2:497-498 Strange, James F.
Emperor Worship. See Roman Imperial Cult
En-Boqeq (M.R. 185067) + 2:498-499 Gichon, Mordechai
En-Dor (PLACE) + 2:499-501 Edelman, Diana Vikander
En-Eglaim (PLACE) + 2:501 Herion, Gary A.
En-Gannim (PLACE) + 2:501-502 Peterson, John L.
En-Gedi (PLACE) + 2:502-503 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
En-Haddah (PLACE) 2:503 Hunt, Melvin
En-Hakkore (PLACE) + 2:503 Lubetski, Meir
En-Hazor (PLACE) + 2:503 Arav, Rami
En-Nasbeh, Tell. See Nasbeh, Tell en
En-Rimmon (PLACE). See Rimmon (PLACE)
En-Rogel (PLACE)
,+ 2:503-504 Mare, W. Harold
En-Shadud (M.R. 172229) + 2:504 Braun, Eliot
En-Shemesh (PLACE) 2:504
En-Tappuah (PLACE). See Tappuah (PLACE)
Enaim (PLACE) + 2:505 Oller, Gary H.
Enam (PLACE) 2:505 Kotter, Wade R.
Enan (PERSON) 2:505 Launderville, Dale F.
Enchanter/Enchantments. See Magic (OT)
Encomium + 2:505-506 Shuler, Philip L.
Encratism + 2:506-507 Edwards, O. C., Jr.
Enemessar (PERSON) 2:507 Pietersma, Albert
Engine. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
English Versions of the Bible. See Versions, English
Engraving. See Jewelry, Ancient Israelite
Enlil (DEITY) + 2:507-508 Fulco, William J.
ABD Article Index
33
Enoch (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:508 Hess, Richard S.
Enoch, First Book of + 2:508-516 Nickelsburg, George W. E.
Enoch, Second Book of + 2:516-522 Andersen, Francis I.
Enoch, Third Book of + 2:522-526 Alexander, Philip S.
Enos (PERSON). See also Enosh (PERSON) 2:526
Enosh (PERSON) + 2:526 Hess, Richard S.
Enrollment. See Census
Entrance of Hamath. See Hamath, Entrance of
Enuma Elish + 2:526-528 Lambert, W. G.
Envy + 2:528-532 Dickie, Matthew W.
Epaenetus (PERSON) + 2:532 Lampe, Peter
Epaphras (PERSON) + 2:533 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Epaphroditus (PERSON) + 2:533-534 Gillman, John L.
Ephah. See Weights and Measures
Ephah (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:534 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Ephai (PERSON) 2:534 Berridge, John M.
Epher (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:534-535 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Ephes-Dammim (PLACE) 2:535 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Ephesians, Epistle to the + 2:535-542 Furnish, Victor Paul
Ephesus (PLACE) + 2:542-549 Oster, Richard E., Jr.
Ephlal (PERSON) 2:549-550 Steeger, William P.
Ephod (OBJECT) + 2:550 Meyers, Carol
Ephod (PERSON) 2:551 Panitz, Raphael I.
Ephphatha 2:551 Wilcox, Max
Ephraemi Rescriptus. See Codex (Ephraimi Rescriptus)
Ephraim (PERSON) 2:551-555
Ephraim in the Bible + 2:551-553 Herrmann, Siegfried
Archaeology of Ephraim + 2:553-555 Finkelstein, Israel
Ephraim (PLACE). See also Ephraim (PERSON). 1-2 + 2:556 Thompson, Henry O.
Ephraim Gate (PLACE) + 2:556 Liid, Dale C.
Ephraim, Forest of (PLACE) + 2:557 Thompson, Henry O.
Ephrathah (PERSON) 2:557 Luker, Lamontte M.
Ephrathah (PLACE) + 2:557-558 Luker, Lamontte M.
Ephron (PERSON) + 2:558 Moyer, James C.
Ephron (PLACE) 1-3 + 2:558 Moyer, James C.
Epic of Gilgamesh. See Gilgamesh Epic
Epictetus + 2:558-559 Schmeller, Thomas
Epicureanism + 2:559-561 Asmis, Elizabeth
Epigraphy, Transjordan + 2:561-568 Lemaire, André
Epilepsy. See Sickness and Disease
Epiphanes + 2:568 Martin, Hubert M., Jr.
Epistles, Apocryphal + 2:568-569 Thomason, Dana Andrew
Epistles, Catholic + 2:569-570 Webb, Robert L.
Epithets, Divine. See Names of God in the OT
Epsilon 2:570
Er (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:570 Porter, Stanley E.
Er-Bala, Deir. See Deir Er-Balah (M.R. 088093)
Eran (PERSON) 2:570-571 Launderville, Dale F.
Erastus (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:571 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Erech (PLACE) + 2:571-573 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Sager, Paul (trans.)
Eri (PERSON) 2:573 Nysse, Richard W.
Eridu (PLACE) + 2:573 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Sager, Paul (trans.)
Eruption. See Sickness and Disease
Es-Saidiyeh, Tell. See Saidiyeh, Tell es-
Es-Samra, Khirbet. See Sabra, Khirbet
Esarhaddon (PERSON) 2:574 Grayson, A. Kirk
Esau (PERSON) + 2:574-575 Hübner, Ulrich
Eschatological Midrashim. See Florilegium
Eschatology. 2:575-609
See also Apocalypses and Apocalypticism
ABD Article Index
34
Old Testament + 2:575-579 Petersen, David L.
Early Jewish Literature + 2:579-594 Nickelsburg, George W. E.
Early Christian Eschatology + 2:594-609 Aune, David E.
Esdar, Tel (M.R. 147064) + 2:609 Kochavi, Moshe
Esdraelon (PLACE) 2:609 White, Sidnie Ann
Esdras, First Book of + 2:609-611 Goodman, William R.
Esdras, Second Book of + 2:611-614 Stone, Michael E.
Esdris (PERSON) + 2:614 Hardwick, Michael E.
Esek (PLACE) + 2:615 Herion, Gary A.
Esh-Shuna, Tell (North). See Shuna (North), Tell esh-
Eshan (PLACE) 2:615 Kotter, Wade R.
Eshbaal (PERSON) + 2:615-617 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Eshban (PERSON) 2:617 Matthews, Victor H.
Eshcol (PERSON) 2:617 Astour, Michael C.
Eshcol (PLACE) 2:617 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Eshek (PERSON) 2:617 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Eshtaol (PLACE) + 2:617 Greenberg, Raphael
Eshtemoa (PERSON). See also Eshtemoa (PLACE). 1-2 2:617 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Eshtemoa (PLACE) + 2:617-618 Peterson, John L.
Eshton (PERSON) 2:618 Lo, Hing Choi
Esli (PERSON) + 2:618 Porter, Stanley E.
Essene Gate + 2:618-619 Riesner, Rainer; Callaway, Phillip R. (trans.)
Essenes. See also Qumran; Dead Sea Scrolls 2:619-626 Collins, John J.
Esther, Additions to + 2:626-633 Moore, Carey A.
Esther, Book of + 2:633-643 Moore, Carey A.
Et-Twein (PLACE). See Abu et-Twein, Khirbet
Eta 2:643
Etam (PERSON). See also Etam (PLACE) 2:643
Etam (PLACE) 1-2 2:643-644 Kotter, Wade R.
Etam, Rock of (PLACE) 2:644 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Eth-Kazin (PLACE) 2:644 Greenberg, Raphael
Etham (PLACE) + 2:644 Görg, Manfred
Ethan (PERSON) 1-4 2:644-645 Mariottini, Claude F.
Ethanim 2:645
Ethanus (PERSON) 2:645 Han, Jin Hee
Ethbaal (PERSON) + 2:645 Viviano, Pauline A.
Ether (PLACE) 1-2 2:645 Kotter, Wade R.
Ethics: 2:645-665
Old Testament + 2:645-652 Mafico, Temba L. Jackson
New Testament + 2:652-665 Perkins, Pheme
Ethiopia (PLACE) + 2:665-667 Smith, Robert Houston
Ethiopian Eunuch + 2:667 Gaventa, Beverly Roberts
Ethiopic Language. See Languages (Ethiopic)
Ethiopic Versions. See Versions, Ancient (Ethiopic)
Ethnan (PERSON) 2:668 Lo, Hing Choi
Ethnarch. See Palestine, Administration of (Roman Administration)
Ethni (PERSON) 2:668 Willett, Tom Wayne
Eubulus (PERSON) + 2:668 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Euergetes. See Benefactor
Eugnostos and the Sophia of Jesus Christ + 2:668-669 Parrott, Douglas M.
Eumenes (PERSON) + 2:669-670 Nelson, Russell D.
Eunice (PERSON) + 2:670 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Eunuch. See Palestine, Administration of (Postexilic Judean Officials)
Eunuch, Ethiopian. See Ethiopian Eunuch
Euodia (PERSON) + 2:670-671 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Eupator (PERSON). See Antiochus (PERSON)
Euphemism and Dysphemism in the Bible. See Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
Eupolemus + 2:671-672 Holladay, Carl R.
Eupolemus, Pseudo- + 2:672-273 Holladay, Carl R.
Eusebius of Caesarea (PERSON) + 2:673-676 Chesnut, Glenn F.
ABD Article Index
35
Eutychus (PERSON) 2:676 Wheeler, Frank E.
Evangelist. See Ministry in the Early Church
Eve (PERSON) + 2:676-677 Wallace, Howard N.
Everlasting God. See Names of God in the OT
Evi (PERSON) + 2:677-678 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Evil + 2:678-679 Watson, Duane F.
Evil One, The 2:679 Watson, Duane F.
Evil-Merodach (PERSON) + 2:679 Sack, Ronald H.
Evodius, Homily of. See Virgin, Assumption of the
Evron (M.R. 160266) 2:679-680 Ronen, Avraham
Ewe. See Sheep, Shepherd; Zoology
Ex Voto + 2:680-681 Danker, Frederick William
Exactor of Tribute. See Taxes and Taxation
Execration and Execration Texts + 2:681-682 Redford, Donald B.
Executioner. See Punishments and Crimes
Exegesis + 2:682-688 Stuart, Douglas
Exegesis on the Soul (NHC II,6) + 2:688-689 Robinson, William C., Jr.
Exile. See Israel, History of
Exodus, Book of + 2:689-700 Sarna, Nahum M.
Exodus, The + 2:700-708 Kitchen, K. A.
Exorcism. See Demons
Expurgations of the Bible. 2:708
See also Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
Extortion. See Debts
Eye Paint. See Dress and Ornamentation
Eyelids of the Morning. See Shahar (DEITY)
Ezbai (PERSON) + 2:708 Pisano, Stephen
Ezbon (PERSON) 1-2 2:708-709 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Ezekiel the Tragedian + 2:709 van der Horst, Peiter W.
Ezekiel, Apocryphon of + 2:709-711 Mueller, James R.
Ezekiel, Book of + 2:711-722 Boadt, Lawrence
Ezel (PLACE) 2:722 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Ezem (PLACE) + 2:722 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Ezer (PERSON) 1-6 + 2:722-723 Matthews, Victor H.
Ezion-Geber (PLACE) + 2:723-726
,Lubetski, Meir
Ezora (PERSON) 2:726 McGehee, Michael David
Ezra (PERSON) + 2:726-728 North, Robert
Ezra, Book of. See Ezra-Nehemiah, Books of
Ezra, Fourth Book of. See Esdras, Second Book of
Ezra, Greek Apocalypse of + 2:728-729 Stone, Michael E.
Ezra, Questions of + 2:729-730 Stone, Michael E.
Ezra, Revelation of + 2:730 Stone, Michael E.
Ezra, Vision of + 2:730-731 Stone, Michael E.
Ezra-Nehemiah, Books of + 2:731-742 Klein, Ralph W.
Ezraite 2:742 McMillion,Phillip E.
Ezri (PERSON) 2:742 Nysse, Richard W.
Fable. See Folklore in the Ancient Near East
Face + 2:743-744 Drinkard, Joel F., Jr.
Faience. See Jewelry, Ancient Israelite
Fair Havens (PLACE) + 2:744 Wineland, John D.
Faith: 2:744-760
Old Testament + 2:744-749 Healey, Joseph P.
New Testament + 2:749-758 Lührmann, Dieter; Hughes, Frank Witt (trans.)
Faith of Christ + 2:758-760 Howard, George E.
Falcon. See Zoology (Fauna)
False Apostles + 2:760-761 Watson, Duane F.
False Christs 2:761 Watson, Duane F.
Family + 2:761-769 Wright, Christopher J. H.
Famine + 2:769-773 Shea, William H.
Fara (North), Tell el-. See Tirzah (PLACE)
ABD Article Index
36
Fara (South), Tell el-. See Sharuhen (PLACE)
Fast, Fasting + 2:773-776 Muddiman, John Bernard
Fate, Greek Conception of + 2:776-778 Dillon, John M.
Father. See Family
Fathers, Apostolic. See Apostolic Fathers
Fathom. See Weights and Measures
Fauna. See Zoology (Fauna)
Fayum Fragment + 2:778-779 Gamble, Harry Y.
Fear of Isaac + 2:779-780 Puech, Emile; Lind, Sarah (trans.)
Feinan, Wadi + 2:780-782 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Fejja (M.R. 141165) 2:782-783 Kaplan, Jacob
Felix (PERSON) 2:783 Braund, David C.
Felix, Minicius (PERSON). See Minucius Felix
Fellowship, Table. See Table Fellowship
Feminist Hermeneutics + 2:783-791 Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth
Fertility Cults + 2:791-793 Healey, Joseph P.
Festal Garment/Robe. See Dress and Ornamentation
Festivals, Greco-Roman + 2:793-794 Cole, Susan Guettel
Festus, Porcius (PERSON) + 2:794-795 Green, Joel B.
Fever. See Sickness and Disease
Fibula. See Jewelry, Ancient Israelite
Fiery Serpent. See Serpent, Bronze
Fig Tree. See Flora
Filigree + 2:795-796 Meyers, Carol
Fillet 2:796 Meyers, Carol
Finger. See Weights and Measures
Fir Tree. See Flora
Fire, Pillar of. See Pillar of Fire and Cloud
Firepan 2:796 Meyers, Carol
First and Last. See Alpha and Omega
First Fruits + 2:796-797 Rigsby, Richard O.
Firstborn. See Family
Fish. See Zoology (Fauna)
Fish Gate (PLACE) + 2:797-798 Liid, Dale C.
Fisher Owl. See Zoology (Fauna)
Five Scrolls, The. See Megilloth
Flax. See Flora; Dress and Ornamentation
Flea. See Zoology (Fauna)
Fleet. See Travel and Communication (NT)
Flocks. See Zoology (Fauna)
Flogging. See Punishments and Crimes
Flood + 2:798-803 Lewis, Jack P.
Flora + 2:803-817 Jacob, Irene; Jacob, Walter
Florilegium (4QFlor) + 2:817-818 Brooke, George J.
Flute. See Music and Musical Instruments
Fly/Flies. See Zoology
Folklore in the Ancient Near East + 2:818-828 Ben-Amos, Dan
Folly. See Virtue/Vice Lists
Food. See Zoology; Meal Customs; Eating and Drinking
Footwashing + 2:828-829 Weiss, Herold
Foreigner + 2:829-830 Begg, Christopher T.
Forerunner + 2:830-831 Collins, Raymond F.
Forest of Ephraim. See Ephraim, Forest of
Forest of Lebanon, House of the (PLACE) + 2:831 Herion, Gary A.
Forgiveness: 2:831-838
Old Testament + 2:831-833 Kselman, John S.
Early Judaism. See also Prayer in Early Judaism. + 2:833-835 Charlesworth, James H.
New Testament + 2:835-838 Shogren, Gary S.
Form Criticism: 2:838-844
Old Testament + 2:838-841 Barton, John
ABD Article Index
37
New Testament + 2:841-844 Robbins, Vernon K.
Fornication. See Sex and Sexuality
Fortifications (Levant) + 2:844-852 Herzog, Ze’ev
Fortunatus (PERSON) + 2:852-853 Gillman, John L.
Forum. See Cities (Greco-Roman)
Forum of Appius (PLACE) 2:853 Wineland, John D.
Foundation Gate (PLACE) + 2:853 Liid, Dale C.
Fountain Gate (PLACE) + 2:853-854 Liid, Dale C.
Fowl. See Zoology
Fox. See Zoology
Fragment, Muratorian. See Muratorian Fragment
Frankincense + 2:854 Müller, Walter W.
Freedmen, Synagogue of the + 2:855 Olson, Mark J.
Freedom + 2:855-859 Jones, F. Stanley
Fringe. See Dress and Ornamentation
Frit. See Jewelry
Frog. See Zoology
Frontlets. See Jewelry
Fruits, First. See First Fruits
Fuller. See Dress and Ornamentation
Fuller’s Field (PLACE) + 2:859 Liid, Dale C.
Funerary Inscriptions. See Palestinian Funerary Inscriptions
Gaal (PERSON) + 2:861 Lowery, Kirk E.
Gaash (PLACE) 2:861 Dyck, Elmer H.
Gabael (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:861-862 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Gabatha (PERSON) 2:862 McKenna, John E.
Gabbai (PERSON) 2:862 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Gabbatha (PLACE) + 2:862 McRay, John
Gabrias (PERSON) + 2:862-863 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Gabriel (ANGEL) + 2:863 Newsom, Carol A.
Gad (DEITY) + 2:863-864 Maier, Walter Arthur, III
Gad (PERSON) 1 + 2:864-865 de Geus, C. H. J.
Gad (PERSON) 2 2:865-866 Petter, Gerald J.
Gad, Valley Toward (PLACE) 2:866 Younker, Randall W.
Gadarenes: 2:866-868
Gadarenes, Fields I-II + 2:866-867 Holm-Nielsen, Svend
Gadarenes, Fields III-VI + 2:867-868 Wagner-Lux, Ute; Vriezen, Karel J. H.
Gadarenes, Bibliography 2:868 Holm-Nielsen, Svend; Wagner-Lux, Ute;
Vriezen, Karel J. H.
Gaddi (PERSON) 2:868 Rappaport, Uriel
Gaddiel (PERSON) 2:868 Paulien, Jon
Gadi (PERSON) + 2:868 Hobbs, T. R.
Gaham (PERSON) 2:868 Slayton, Joel C.
Gahar (PERSON) + 2:868-869 Shearer, Rodney H.
Gai (PLACE) + 2:869 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Gaius (PERSON) 1-4 + 2:869 Gillman, John L.
Galal (PERSON) 1-2 2:870 Dunston, Robert C.
Galatia (PLACE) + 2:870-872 Mitchell, Stephen
Galatians, Epistle to the + 2:872-875 Betz, Hans Dieter
Galbanum. See Perfumes and Spices
Galeed (PLACE) + 2:876 Thompson, Henry O.
Galileans + 2:876-879 Freyne, Seán
Galilee: 2:879-901
Prehellenistic Galilee + 2:879-895 Frankel, Rafael
Hellenistic/Roman Galilee + 2:895-899 Freyne, Seán
Galilee, Sea of (PLACE) + 2:899-901 Freyne, Seán
Gall (Liver). See Sickness and Disease
Gallim (PLACE) 1-2 + 2:901 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Gallio (PERSON) + 2:901-903 Haacker, Klaus
Gamad (PLACE) + 2:903 Thompson, Henry O.
ABD Article Index
38
Gamael (PERSON). See Daniel (PERSON) 2:903
Gamaliel (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:903-906 Chilton, Bruce
Gamma 2:906
Gamul (PERSON) + 2:906 Wright, John W.
Gangrene. See Sickness and Disease
Garden of Eden. See Eden, Garden of (PLACE)
Garden of God (PLACE) + 2:906-907 Wallace, Howard N.
Gareb (PERSON) + 2:907 Dempster, Stephen G.
Gareb (PLACE) 2:907 Herion, Gary A.
Garlic. See Flora
Garmite 2:907 Smith, David Channing
Gas (PERSON) 2:907 McGehee, Michael David
Gatam (PERSON) 2:907 Hübner, Ulrich
Gate, City. See Cities (Levant); Fortifications (Levant)
Gate Between the Two Walls (PLACE) + 2:907-908 Liid, Dale C.
Gate of the Guard (PLACE) + 2:908 Liid, Dale C.
Gath (PLACE) + 2:908-909 Seger, Joe D.
Gath-Hepher (PLACE) + 2:909-910 Greenberg, Raphael
Gath-Rimmon (PLACE) + 2:910-911 Peterson, John L.
Gaulanitis (PLACE) + 2:911 Longstaff, Thomas R.W.
Gauls + 2:911-912 Kampen, John
Gaza (PLACE): 2:912-921
Prehellenistic Gaza + 2:912-915 Katzenstein, H. J.
Gaza in the Greco-Roman Period + 2:915-917 Kasher, Aryeh
Byzantine Gaza + 2:917-921 Glucker, Carol A. M.
Gazelle. See Zoology
Gazez (PERSON) + 2:921 Evans, Craig A.
Gazzam (PERSON). See also Akkub 2:921 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Geba (PLACE) + 2:921-922 Arnold, Patrick M.
Gebal (PLACE) + 2:922-923 Roth, Ray Lee
Geber (PERSON). See Ben-Geber McMillion,Phillip E.
Gebim (PLACE) 2:923 Herion, Gary A.
Gecko (LIZARD). See Zoology
Gedaliah (PERSON) 1 2:923 Dalglish, Edward R.
Gedaliah (PERSON) 2-5 + 2:923-924 Althann, Robert
Geder (PLACE) + 2:924-925 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Gederah (PLACE) + 2:925 Ehrlich,
,Carl S.
Gederoth (PLACE) + 2:925 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Gederothaim (PLACE) 2:925 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Gedor (PERSON) + 2:925 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Gedor (PLACE) 1-4 + 2:925-926 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Gehazi (PERSON) + 2:926 Christensen, Duane L.
Gehenna (PLACE) + 2:926-928 Watson, Duane F.
Gemalli (PERSON) 2:928 Paulien, Jon
Gemara + 2:928-929 Brooks, Roger
Gemariah (PERSON) 1 + 2:929 Lundbom, Jack R.
Gemariah (PERSON) 2 + 2:929 Taylor, J. Glen; Taylor, Marion Ann
Genealogy, Genealogies + 2:929-932 Wilson, Robert R.
Genesis Apocryphon + 2:932-933 White, Richard T.
Genesis, Book of + 2:933-941 Hendel, Ronald S.
Genesis, The Narrative of: 2:941-962
The Genesis Narrative + 2:941-956 Scullion, John J.
Literary Forms in Genesis + 2:956-962 Scullion, John J.
Geneva Bible + 2:962-963 Lewis, Jack P.
Genitalia. See also Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the 2:963
Genizah, Cairo. See Damascus Rule
Gennaeus (PERSON) 2:963 Lillie, Betty Jane
Gennesaret (PLACE) 1-3 + 2:963 Edwards, Douglas R.
Genre. See Form Criticism
Gentiles, Court of the + 2:963-964 Edwards, Douglas R.
ABD Article Index
39
Genubath (PERSON) + 2:964 Viviano, Pauline A.
Geography and the Bible: 2:964-988
Geography of Palestine + 2:964-977 Raphael, C. Nicholas
Early Jewish Geography + 2:977-988 Alexander, Philip S.
Geometry. See Mathematics, Algebra, and Geometry
Georgian Versions. See Versions, Ancient (Gregorian)
Ger. See Sojourner 2:988
Gera (PERSON) 1-6 2:988-989 Nysse, Richard W.
Gerah. See Weights and Measures
Gerar (PLACE) + 2:989-991 Oren, Eliezer D.
Gerasenes + 2:991-992 McRay, John
Gergesite. See Girgash*te
Gerisa, Tel (M.R. 132166) + 2:922 Herzog, Ze’ev
Gerizim, Mount (PLACE) 2:993 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Geron. See Senator
Gershom (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:993-994 Wright, John W.
Gershon (PERSON) + 2:994-995 Propp, William H.
Geruth-Chimham (PLACE) 2:995 Dempster, Stephen G.
Geshan (PERSON) 2:995 Evans, Craig A.
Geshem (PERSON) + 2:995 Williams, Nora A.
Geshur (PLACE) + 2:996 Ma‘oz, Zvi Uri
Geshur Bnot Yaacov. See Jisr Banat Ya‘aqub
Geshurites 1-2 + 2:996-997 Petter, Gerald J.
Gether (PERSON) 2:997 Baker, David W.
Gethsemane (PLACE) 2:997-998 Thorsen, Donald A. D.
Geuel (PERSON) 2:998 Brensinger, Terry L.
Gezer (PLACE) + 2:998-1003 Dever, William G.
Ghassul, Tuleilat el- (M.R. 207135) + 2:1003-1006 Hennessy, John B.
Ghazza, Khirbet. See ‘Uza, Horvat
Ghosh (PLACE). See Abu Ghosh (M.R. 160134)
Ghost. See Magic (OT)
Ghrareh (M.R. 191956) + 2:1006 Hart, Stephen
Giah (PLACE) 2:1006 Dyck, Elmer H.
Giants, Gigantism. See Sickness and Disease
Gibbar (PERSON) 2:1006 Swanson, Steven R.
Gibbethon (PLACE) + 2:1006-1007 Peterson, John L.
Gibea (PERSON) 2:1007 Evans, Craig A.
Gibeah (PLACE) 1-4 + 2:1007-1009 Arnold, Patrick M.
Gibeath-Elohim (PLACE) + 2:1009 Arnold, Patrick M.
Gibeath-Haaraloth (PLACE) 2:1009-1010 Thompson, Henry O.
Gibeon (PLACE) + 2:1010-1013 Arnold, Patrick M.
Giddalti (PERSON) 2:1013 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Giddel (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:1013 McGehee, Michael David
Gideon (PERSON) + 2:1013-1015 Boling, Robert G.
Gideoni (PERSON) 2:1015 Launderville, Dale F.
Gidom (PLACE) 2:1015 Herion, Gary A.
Gifts, Spiritual + 2:1015-1018 Martin, Ralph P.
Gihon (PLACE) 1-2 + 2:1018-1019 Görg, Manfred
Gil‘adi, Kefar. See Kefar Gil‘adi
Gilalai (PERSON) 2:1019 Augustin, Gary C.
Gilboa, Mount (PLACE) + 2:1019 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Gilead (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:1019-1020 Graham, M. Patrick
Gilead (PLACE) + 2:1020-1022 Ottosson, Magnus
Gilead, Balm of. See Balm
Gilgal (PLACE) 1-5 + 2:1022-1024 Kotter, Wade R.
Gilgal (Prehistoric Sites) + 2:1024 Noy, Tamar
Gilgamesh Epic + 2:1024-1027 Sasson, J. M.
Giloh (PLACE) 2:1027 Herion, Gary A.
Giloh (M.R. 167126) + 2:1027-1028 Mazar, Amihay
Gimel 2:1028
ABD Article Index
40
Gimzo (PLACE) + 2:1028 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Ginath (PERSON) 2:1028 Viviano, Pauline A.
Ginnethon (PERSON) 2:1028 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Girdle. See Dress and Ornamentation
Girgash*te 2:1028 Baker, David W.
Girzites + 2:1028 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Giscala (M.R. 191270) + 2:1029-1030 Meyers, Eric M.
Gishpa (PERSON) 2:1030 Augustin, Gary C.
Gittaim (PLACE) + 2:1030 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Gizonite + 2:1030 Endres, John C.
Glacis. See Fortifications (Levant)
Glad Tidings + 2:1030-1031 O’Day, Gail R.
Glaphyra (PERSON) 1-2 + 2:1031-1032 Sullivan, Richard D.
Glassy Sea. See Sea of Glass
Gleaning. See Harvests, Harvesting; Agriculture
Glosses, Textual + 2:1032-1033 Sweeney, Marvin A.
Gluttony. See Virtue/Vice Lists
Gnat. See Zoology
Gnosticism + 2:1033-1040 Rudolph, Kurt
Goah (PLACE) 2:1040 Herion, Gary A.
Goat, Goatherd + 2:1040-1041 Vancil, Jack W.
Gob (PLACE) + 2:1041 Ehrlich, Carl S.
God. 2:1041-1055
See also Dragon and Sea, God’s Conflict with; Image of God (OT); Kingdom of God/Heaven; Names of God in the OT;
Son of God; Will of God in the Old Testament; Word of God; Works of God; Wrath of God
God in the Old Testament + 2:1041-1048 Scullion, John J.
God in the New Testament + 2:1049-1055 Bassler, Jouette M.
God Most High. See Names of God in the OT; Most High
Goel Haddam. See Blood, Avenger of
Gog (PERSON) 1-3 2:1056 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Gog and Magog + 2:1056 Reddish, Mitchell G.
Goiim (PLACE) + 2:1057 Astour, Michael C.
Golan (PLACE) + 2:1057-1058 Arav, Rami
Golan Heights + 2:1058-1065 Ma‘oz, Zvi Uri
Golden Calf + 2:1065-1069 Spencer, John R.
Golden Gate. See Beautiful Gate (PLACE)
Golden Rule + 2:1070-1071 Collins, Raymond F.
Golgotha (PLACE) + 2:1071-1073 Corbo, Virgilio C.; Elliott, Dietlinde M. (trans.)
Goliath (PERSON) + 2:1073-1074 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Gomer (PERSON) 1-2 2:1074 Baker, David W.
Gomorrah (PLACE). See Sodom and Gomorrah (PLACES)
Good (NT) + 2:1074-1075 Collins, Raymond F.
Goose. See Zoology (Fauna) 2:1075
Gopher Wood. See Flora 2:1075
Gorgias (PERSON) 2:1075-1076 Rappaport, Uriel
Gortyna (PLACE) + 2:1076 Hardwick, Michael E.
Goshen (PLACE) + 2:1076-1077 Ward, William A.
Gospel Genre + 2:1077-1079 Vorster, Willem S.
Gospel Harmony. See Harmony of the Gospels
Gospels, Apocryphal + 2:1079-1081 Patterson, Stephen J.
Gospels, Little Apocalypse in the + 2:1081-1084 Beasley-Murray, George R.
Gothic Versions. See Versions, Ancient (Gothic)
Gotholiah (PERSON). See Athaliah (PERSON)
Gothoniel + 2:1084 White, Sidnie Ann
Gourds. See Flora
Governor. See Palestine,Administration of (Postexilic Judean Officials); Procurator
Grace. See also Love 2:1084-1088
Old Testament + 2:1085-1086 Kselman, John S.
New Testament + 2:1086-1088 Shogren, Gary S.
Granary. See Agriculture
ABD Article Index
41
Granulation. See Jewelry, Ancient Israelite
Grapes. See Flora
Grass. See Flora
Grasshopper. See Zoology (Fauna)
Grating 2:1089 Meyers, Carol
Graven Image 2:1089 Curtis, Edward M.
Great Assembly + 2:1089 Flesher, Paul V. M.
Great Bible, The + 2:1090 Lewis, Jack P.
Great Commission, The + 2:1090-1091 Luter, A. Boyd, Jr.
Great Power, Concept of. See Concept of Great Power (NHC VI, 4)
Great Sea (PLACE) + 2:1091-1092 Lubetski, Meir
Greece (PLACE) + 2:1092-1098 McRay, John
Greek Language. See Languages (Greek)
Greek Versions. See Septuagint and Versions, Ancient (Greek)
Griesbach Hypothesis. See Two-Gospel Hypothesis
Griffon. See Zoology (Fauna)
Guarantee. See Deposit
Guard, Court of the 2:1099 Herion, Gary A.
Guard, Gate of the. See Gate of the Guard (PLACE)
Guard, Praetorian. See Praetorian Guard
Gull. See Zoology (Fauna)
Guni (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:1099 Graham, M. Patrick
Gur (PLACE) + 2:1099 Zertal, Adam
Gurbaal (PLACE) 2:1100 Younker, Randall W.
Gush Halav. See Giscala (M.R. 191270)
Gymnasium. See Education (Greco-Roman)
H. See Holiness Code 3:1
Ha-Eleph (PLACE). See also Zela (PLACE) 3:1 Herion, Gary A.
Haahashtari (PERSON) 3:1 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Habaiah (PERSON) + 3:1 Shearer,
,Rodney H.
Habakkuk, Book of + 3:1-6 Sweeney, Marvin A.
Habazziniah (PERSON) + 3:6 Bracke, John M.
Habiru, Hapiru. See also Hebrew + 3:6-10 Lemche, Niels Peter
Habor (PLACE) 3:10 Herion, Gary A.
Hacaliah (PERSON) 3:10 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Hachilah (PLACE) 3:10 DeVries, LaMoine F.
Hachmoni (PERSON) 1-2 3:10-11 Duke, Rodney K.
Hadad (DEITY) 3:11 Maier, Walter Arthur, III
Hadad (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:11-12 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Hadadezer (PERSON) + 3:12-13 Bailey, Randall C.
Hadadrimmon (DEITY) 3:13 Maier, Walter Arthur, III
Hadar (PERSON). 3:13 Matthews, Victor H.
Hadashah (PLACE) 3:13 Kotter, Wade R.
Hadassah (PERSON) + 3:13-14 Bush, Frederic W.
Hades, Hell 3:14-15 Bauckham, Richard
Hadid (PLACE) + 3:15-16 Arav, Rami
Hadlai (PERSON) + 3:16 Lowery, Kirk E.
Hadoram (PERSON) 1 + 3:16 Müller, Walter W.; Callaway, Phillip R. (trans.)
Hadoram (PERSON) 2-3 + 3:16-17 Fretz, Mark J.
Hadrach (PLACE) 3:17 Roth, Ray Lee
Hadrian (EMPEROR) + 3:17-18 Jones, Brian W.
Hagab (PERSON) 3:18 McGehee, Michael David
Hagabah (PERSON). See also Akkub (PERSON) 3:18 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Hagar (PERSON). See also Ishmael (PERSON); Ishmaelites. + 3:18-19 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Haggadah + 3:19-20 Porton, Gary G.
Haggai, Book of 3:20-23 Meyers, Carol; Meyers, Eric M.
Haggedolim (PERSON) + 3:23 Uitti, Roger W.
Haggi (PERSON) 3:23 Nysse, Richard W.
Haggiah (PERSON) 3:23 Willett, Tom Wayne
Haggith (PERSON) 3:23 Schearing, Linda S.
ABD Article Index
42
Hagri (PERSON) 3:24 Pisano, Stephen
Hagrites + 3:24 Graf, David F.
Hairnet. See also Dress and Ornamentation 3:24
Hakkatan (PERSON) 3:24 Shogren, Gary S.
Hakkoz (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:24-25 Wright, John W.
Hakupha (PERSON) 3:25 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Halah (PLACE) + 3:25 Thompson, Henry O.
Halak, Mount (PLACE) 3:25-26 Benjamin, Paul
Halakah + 3:26-27 Porton, Gary G.
Halakhic Letter from Qumran. See Miqsat Ma‘ase Hatorah (4QMMT)
Halam, Khirbet el-. See Arubboth (PLACE)
Halhul (PLACE) 3:27 Kotter, Wade R.
Hali (PLACE) + 3:27 Frankel, Rafael
Halicarnassus (PLACE) + 3:27-28 Carroll, Scott T.
Halif, Tell (M.R. 137087) + 3:28-30 Seger, Joe D.
Hall of Judgement. See Judgement, Hall of
Hall of Pillars. See Judgement, Hall of
Hall of the Throne. See Judgement, Hall of
Hall of Tyrannus. See Tyrannus (PERSON)
Hallel + 3:30 Swanson, Steven R.
Hallelujah. See Psalms, Book of
Hallohesh (PERSON) 3:30-31 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Ham (PERSON) + 3:31-32 Isaac, Ephraim
Ham (PLACE) + 3:32 Astour, Michael C.
Haman (PERSON) + 3:33 Wiebe, John M.
Hamath (PLACE) + 3:33-36 Buhl, Marie-Louise
Hamath, Entrance of (PLACE) 3:36-37 Wei, Tom F.
Hamath-Zobah (PLACE) + 3:37 Pitard, Wayne T.
Hamid (PLACE). See Abu Hamid, Tell
Hammath (PERSON) + 3:37 Evans, Craig A.
Hammath (PLACE) + 3:37-38 Herion, Gary A.
Hammedatha (PERSON) + 3:38 Wiebe, John M.
Hammolecheth (PERSON) + 3:38 Graham, M. Patrick
Hammon (PLACE) 1-2 + 3:38-39 Hunt, Melvin
Hammoth-Dor (PLACE) + 3:39 Peterson, John L.
Hammuel (PERSON) 3:39 Nysse, Richard W.
Hammurapi (PERSON) + 3:39-42 Meier, Samuel A.
Hamon-Gog (PLACE) 3:42 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Hamonah (PLACE) 3:42 Thompson, Henry O.
Hamor (PERSON) + 3:42-43 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Hamran (PERSON) 3:43 Matthews, Victor H.
Hamul (PERSON) 3:43 Mariottini, Claude F.
Hamutal (PERSON) + 3:43 Althann, Robert
Hana (PERSON) 3:43 McGehee, Michael David
Hanamel (PERSON) 3:43 Bracke, John M.
Hanan (PERSON) 1-9 + 3:43-45 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Hananel, Tower of (PLACE) + 3:45 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Hanani (PERSON) 1-5 + 3:45-46 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Hananiah (PERSON) 1-15 + 3:46-47 Althann, Robert
Handbreadth. See Weights and Measures
Handpike. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Hands, Laying on of: 3:47-49
Old Testament + 3:47-48 Wright, David P.
New Testament + 3:48-49 O’Toole, Robert F.
Hanes (PLACE) + 3:49-50 Thompson, Henry O.
Hanging. See Punishment and Crimes
Hangings + 3:50 Meyers, Carol
Hanina Ben-Dosa + 3:50-51 Charlesworth, James H.
Hannah (PERSON) + 3:51-52 Youngblood, Ronald
Hannathon (PLACE) + 3:52 Greenberg, Raphael
ABD Article Index
43
Hanniel (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:52 Panitz, Raphael I.
Hanoch (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:52 Hess, Richard S.
Hanukkah. See Dedication, Feast of
Hanun (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:52-54 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Hapax Legomena + 3:54-55 Greenspahn, Frederick E.
Hapharaim (PLACE) + 3:55 Hunt, Melvin
Hapiru. See Habiru, Hapiru
Happizzez (PERSON) 3:55 Wright, John W.
Har, Harif (M.R. 107989) + 3:56 Goring-Morris, Nigel
Har-Heres (PLACE) + 3:56-57 Schunck, Klaus-Dietrich; Green, David E. (trans.)
Hara (PLACE) + 3:57 Thompson, Henry O.
Haradah (PLACE) + 3:57 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Haran (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:57-58 Hess, Richard S.
Haran (PLACE) 3:58-59 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Hararite + 3:59 Dempster, Stephen G.
Harbona (PERSON). See Mehuman (PERSON)
Hare. See Zoology (Fauna)
Hareph (PERSON) 3:59 Evans, Craig A.
Harhaiah (PERSON) 3:59 Ruffin, Michael L.
Harhas (PERSON) 3:59 Viviano, Pauline A.
Harhur (PERSON) 3:60 Swanson, Steven R.
Harif, Har. See Har Harif (M.R. 107989)
Harim (PERSON). See also Annan, Rehum, Akkub. 1-4 3:60 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Hariph (PERSON) 3:60 Williams, Nora A.
Harmon (PLACE) 3:60-61 Dyck, Elmer H.
Harmony of Gospels + 3:61 Patterson, Stephen J.
Harnepher (PERSON) + 3:61-62 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Harness. See Zoology (Fauna) 3:62
Harod (PLACE) + 3:62 Hunt, Melvin
Haroeh (PERSON) 3:62 Evans, Craig A.
Harosheth-Hagoiim (PLACE) + 3:62-63 Hunt, Melvin
Harp. See Music and Musical Instruments
Harsha (PERSON) 3:63 McGehee, Michael David
Harsha, Tel. See Tel-Harsha (PLACE)
Hart. See Zoology (Fauna)
Harum (PERSON) 3:63 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Harumaph (PERSON) 3:63 Ruffin, Michael L.
Haruphite + 3:63 Dillard, Raymond B.
Harvests, Harvesting + 3:63-64 Borowski, Oded
Hasadiah (PERSON) 1-2 3:64 Fuller, Russell
Hashabiah (PERSON) 1-9 3:64 Shogren, Gary S.
Hashabnah (PERSON) 3:64-65 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Hashabneiah (PERSON) 1-2 3:65 Brensinger, Terry L.
Hashbaddanah (PERSON) 3:65 Brensinger, Terry L.
Hashem (PERSON) + 3:65 Endres, John C.
Hashmonah (PLACE) + 3:65 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Hashubah (PERSON) 3:65 Fuller, Russell
Hashum (PERSON) 1-2 3:65-66 McGehee, Michael David
Hasideans + 3:66 Redditt, Paul L.
Hasidim + 3:66-67 Kampen, John
Hasmonean Dynasty + 3:67-76 Rajak, Tessa
Hasrah (PERSON) 1-2 3:76-77 McGehee, Michael David
Hassenuah (PERSON) 3:77 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Hasshub (PERSON) 1-3 3:77 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Hassophereth (PERSON). See also Sophereth (PERSON) 3:77
Hasupha (PERSON) 3:77 McGehee, Michael David
Hat. See Dress and Ornamentation
Hathach (PERSON) + 3:77 McKenna, John E.
Hathath (PERSON) 3:77-78 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Hatipha (PERSON) 3:78 McGehee, Michael David
ABD Article Index
44
Hatita (PERSON) 3:78 McGehee, Michael David
Hattil (PERSON) 3:78 McGehee, Michael David
Hattush (PERSON) 1-4 3:78 Fuller, Russell
Hatula (M.R. 148137) 3:78-80 Ronen, Avraham; Lechevallier, Monique
Haustafeln. See also Household Codes + 3:80-81 Fitzgerald, John T.
Havilah (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:81-82 Müller, Walter W.
Havilah (PLACE) + 3:82 Müller, Walter W.
Havvoth-Jair (PLACE) + 3:82-83 Schmitz, Philip C.
Hawk. See Zoology (Fauna)
Hazael (PERSON) + 3:83-84 Pitard, Wayne T.
Hazaiah (PERSON) + 3:84 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Hazar-Enan (PLACE) 3:84 Herion, Gary A.
Hazar-Gaddah (PLACE) 3:84
Hazar-Shual (PLACE) + 3:84 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Hazar-Susah (PLACE) + 3:84-85 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Hazarmaveth (PERSON) + 3:85-86 Müller, Walter W.
Hazazon-Tamar (PLACE) + 3:86 Astour, Michael C.
Hazer-Hatticon (PLACE) 3:86 Younker, Randall W.
Hazeroth (PLACE) + 3:86-87 Thompson, Henry O.
Haziel (PERSON) 3:87 Uitti, Roger W.
Hazo (PERSON) + 3:87 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Hazor (PLACE) 1-4 + 3:87-88 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Hazor-Hadattah (PLACE) + 3:88 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Hazoroth (PLACE). See Hazeroth
,(PLACE)
Hazzelelponi (PERSON) 3:88 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
He 3:88
Head Covering. See Dress and Ornamentation
Headdress. See Dress and Ornamentation
Healing. See Medicine and Healing
Healing, Gifts of + 3:89-90 Hamm, M. Dennis
Heave Offering. See Sacrifice and Sacrificial Offerings
Heaven 3:90-91 Reddish, Mitchell G.
Heaven, Ascent to + 3:91-94 Tabor, James D.
Heaven, New. See New Earth, New Heaven 3:94
Heaven, Queen of. See Queen of Heaven (DEITY) 3:94
Heber (PERSON) 1-4 3:94-95 Nysse, Richard W.
Hebrew + 3:95 Lemche, Niels Peter
Hebrew Language. See Languages (Hebrew)
Hebrew Narrative. See Narrative, Hebrew
Hebrew Scripts + 3:96-97 McLean, Mark D.
Hebrew Version of Matthew. See Matthew, Hebrew Version of
Hebrews, Epistle to the + 3:97-105 Attridge, Harold W.
Hebrews, Gospel of the + 3:105-106 Cameron, Ron
Hebron (PERSON) 1-2 3:106-107 Uitti, Roger W.
Hebron (PLACE) + 3:107-108 Ferris, Paul Wayne, Jr.
Hecataeus, Pseudo- + 3:108-109 Holladay, Carl R.
Hegai (PERSON) + 3:109-110 Wiebe, John M.
Hegemonides (PERSON) + 3:110 Kampen, John
Hegesippus (PERSON) + 3:110-111 Chesnut, Glenn F.
Hegesippus, Pseudo- + 3:111-112 Bell, Albert A. , Jr.
Heglam (PERSON) + 3:112-113 Harmon, G. Edwin
Hegra (26º47'N; 38º14'E) + 3:113-114 Graf, David F.
Heifer + 3:114-115 Wright, David P.
Heifer, Red + 3:115-116 Wright, David P.
Heilsgeschichte. See Theology (Biblical), History of
Heir. See Family 3:116
Helah (PERSON) 3:116 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Helam (PLACE) + 3:116-117 Thompson, Henry O.
Helbah (PLACE) 3:117 Hunt, Melvin
Helbon (PLACE) 3:117 Herion, Gary A.
ABD Article Index
45
Heldai (PERSON) 1-2 3:117-118 Duke, Rodney K.
Heleb (PERSON). See Heldai (PERSON)
Helech (PLACE) + 3:118 Thompson, Henry O.
Heled (PERSON). See Heldai (PERSON)
Helek (PERSON) + 3:118 Weis, Richard D.
Helem (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:118-119 Uitti, Roger W.
Helena (PERSON) + 3:119-120 Drijvers, Jan W.
Heleph (PLACE) + 3:120-121 Frankel, Rafael
Helez (PERSON) 1-2 3:121 Duke, Rodney K.
Heli (PERSON) + 3:121 Porter, Stanley E.
Heliodorus (PERSON) + 3:121-122 Hardwick, Michael E.
Heliopolis (PLACE) + 3:122-123 Redford, Donald B.
Helios (DEITY) + 3:123-125 Rudolph, Kurt; Martin, Dennis (trans.)
Helkai (PERSON) 3:125 Augustin, Gary C.
Helkath (PLACE) + 3:125-126 Peterson, John L.
Helkath-Hazzurim (PLACE) 3:126-127 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Hell. See Hades, Hell; and Gehenna
Hellenism + 3:127-135 Betz, Hans Dieter
Hellenistic Synagogal Prayers. See Prayers, Hellenistic Synagogal
Hellenists + 3:135-136 Martin, Thomas W.
Helmet. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Helon (PERSON) 3:136 Launderville, Dale F.
Hem. See Dress and Ornamentation
Heman (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:136-137 Matthews, Victor H.
Hemdan (PERSON) 3:137 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Hemorrhage. See Sickness and Disease
Hemorrhoids. See Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the; Sickness and Disease
Hemp. See Dress and Ornamentation
Hena (PLACE) 3:137-138 Thompson, Henry O.
Henadad (PERSON) 3:138 Schley, Donald G.
Henna. See Perfumes and Spices; Flora
Hepher (PERSON) 1-3 3:138 Clem, H. Eldon
Hepher (PLACE) + 3:138-139 Zertal, Adam
Hephzibah (PERSON) 3:139 Schearing, Linda S.
Heptapegon (M.R. 200251) + 3:139-141 Loffreda, Stanislao
Herakles (DEITY) See also Hercules (DEITY) + 3:141-143 Aune, David E.
Herbs. See Flora
Hercules (DEITY) See also Herakles (DEITY) + 3:143 Kampen, John
Herdsman + 3:143 Vancil, Jack W.
Heres, Ascent of (PLACE) 3:143 Herion, Gary A.
Heresh (PERSON) 3:144 Dunston, Robert C.
Heresy and Orthodoxy in the NT + 3:144-147 Betz, Hans Dieter
Hereth (PLACE) 3:147 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Heritage. See Family
Hermas (PERSON) 3:147-148 Lampe, Peter
Hermas’ the Shepherd + 3:148 Snyder, Graydon F.
Hermeneutics + 3:149-154 Lategan, Bernard C.
Hermeneutics, Early Rabbinic + 3:154-155 Visotzky, Burton L.
Hermes (DEITY) + 3:155-156 Martin, Hubert M., Jr.
Hermes (PERSON) 3:156 Lampe, Peter
Hermes Trismegistos + 3:156-157 Trumbower, Jeffrey A.
Hermogenes (PERSON) + 3:157-158 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Hermon, Mount (PLACE) + 3:158-160 Arav, Rami
Herod Antipas + 3:160 Braund, David C.
Herod Philip 3:160-161 Herion, Gary A.
Herod the Great (PERSON) + 3:161-169 Levine, Lee I.
Herod’s Building Program 3:169-172 Netzer, Ehud
Herodian Army + 3:172-173 Gracey, M.H.
Herodian Dynasty + 3:173-174 Braund, David C.
Herodias (PERSON) + 3:174-176 Witherington, Ben, III
ABD Article Index
46
Herodion (PERSON) + 3:176 Lampe, Peter
Herodium (M.R. 173119) + 3:176-180 Netzer, Ehud
Herodotus (PERSON) + 3:180-181 Yamauchi, Edwin M.
Heron. See Zoology (Fauna)
Heshbon (PLACE) + 3:181-184 Geraty, Lawrence T.
Heshmon (PLACE) + 3:184 Weitzman, Steven
Heshvan. See also Calendars; Marchesvan 3:184
Hesi, Tell el- (M.R. 124106) + 3:184-187 Fargo, Valerie M.
Het 3:188
Heth (PERSON) + 3:188 Baker, David W.
Hethlon (PLACE) 3:188 Roth, Ray Lee
Hexapla of Origen, The + 3:188-189 Parker, D. C.
Hezekiah (PERSON) 1-3 3:189 Herion, Gary A.
Hezekiah King of Judah + 3:189-193 Rosenbaum, Jonathan
Hezion (PERSON) + 3:193 Nelson, Richard D.
Hezir (PERSON) 1-2 3:193 Wright, John W.
Hezro (PERSON) + 3:193 Dempster, Stephen G.
Hezron (PERSON) + 3:193-194 Mariottini, Claude F.
Hezron (PLACE) + 3:194 Kotter, Wade R.
Hiddai (PERSON) + 3:194 Pisano, Stephen
Hiddekel (PLACE) 3:194 Stefanovic, Zdravko
Hiel (PERSON) 3:194 Viviano, Pauline A.
Hierapolis (PLACE) + 3:194-196 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Hieroglyphics. See Languages (Egyptian Language and Writing)
Hieronymous (PERSON) 3:196 Lillie, Betty Jane
High Place + 3:196-200 Barrick, W. Boyd
Hilen (PLACE) + 3:200 Dyck, Elmer H.
Hilkiah (PERSON) 1-11 3:200-201 Uitti, Roger W.
Hilkiah the Hasid + 3:201 Charlesworth, James H.
Hillel (PERSON) 3:201
Hillel the Elder + 3:201-202 Goldenberg, Robert
Hin. See Weights and Measures
Hinnom Valley (PLACE) + 3:202-203 Watson, Duane F.
Hirah (PERSON) 3:203 Oller, Gary H.
Hiram (PERSON) 1-2 3:203-205 Whitelam, Keith W.
Hiri, Rujm el-. See Rujm el-Hiri (M.R. 225257)
Historiography: 3:205-219
Mesopotamian Historiography + 3:205-206 Grayson, A. Kirk
Israelite Historiography + 3:206-212 Thompson, Thomas L.
Greco-Roman Historiography + 3:212-219 Lateiner, Donald
History of Joseph. See Joseph, History of
Hittite History + 3:219-225 Houwink ten Cate, Philo H. J.
Hittite Language. See Languages (Hittite)
Hittite Religion + 3:225-228 Gonnet, Hatice; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Hittite Texts and Literature + 3:228-231 McMahon, Gregory
Hittites in the OT + 3:231-233 McMahon, Gregory
Hivites + 3:234 Baker, David W.
Hizki (PERSON) + 3:234 Harmon, G. Edwin
Hizkiah (PERSON) 3:234 Fuller, Russell
Hobab (PERSON) 3:234-235 Launderville, Dale F.
Hobah (PERSON) + 3:235 Thompson, Henry O.
Hobaiah (PERSON). See Habaiah (PERSON) 3:235
Hod (PERSON) + 3:235-236 O’Brien, Julia M.
Hodaviah (PERSON) 1-4 3:236 Fretz, Mark J.
Hodesh (PERSON) 3:236 Willett, Tom Wayne
Hodiah (PERSON) + 3:236-237 Fretz, Mark J.
Hoglah (PERSON) + 3:237 Taylor, Marion Ann
Hoham (PERSON) 3:237 Schley, Donald G.
Holidays. See Calendars
Holiness: 3:237-254
ABD Article Index
47
Old Testament + 3:237-249 Wright, David P.
New Testament + 3:249-254 Hodgson, Robert, Jr.
Holiness Code + 3:254-257 Sun, Henry T.C.
Holofernes (PERSON) + 3:257 Pietersma, Albert
Holon (PLACE) + 3:257-258 Peterson, John L.
Holy of Holies. See Temple, Jerusalem
Holy One 3:258 Reddish, Mitchell G.
Holy Place. See Temple, Jerusalem
Holy Sepulcher, Church of the + 3:258-260 Nicholson, Oliver
Holy Spirit + 3:260-280 Horn, Friedrich Wilhelm; Elliott, Dietlinde M. (trans.)
Homam (PERSON) 3:280 Matthews, Victor H.
Homer. See Weights and Measures
Homicide. See Punishments and Crimes
Homily Form (Hellenistic and Early Christian) + 3:280-282 Overman, J. Andrew
hom*osexuality. See Prostitution;
,Punishments and Crimes; Romans, Epistle to the; and Sex and Sexuality
Honi + 3:282 Charlesworth, James H.
Hook 3:282 Meyers, Carol
Hoopoe. See Zoology
Hope (NT) + 3:282-285 Prendergast, Terrence
Hophni (PERSON) + 3:285-287 Redford, Donald B.
Hor (PLACE) 1-2 3:287 Roth, Ray Lee
Hor-Haggidgad (PLACE) + 3:287 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Horam (PERSON) 3:287 Viviano, Pauline A.
Horeb, Mount. See Sinai, Mount (PLACE)
Horem (PLACE) 3:287-288 Williams, David Salter
Horesh (PLACE) 3:288 DeVries, LaMoine F.
Hori (PERSON) 1-2 3:288 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Horites + 3:288 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Hormah (PLACE) + 3:288-289 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Horn. See Music and Musical Instruments 3:289
Horonaim (PLACE) + 3:289 Dearman, J. Andrew
Horse. See Zoology
Horse Gate (PLACE) 3:290 Liid, Dale C.
Horvat Rimmon (PLACE). See Rimmon, Horvat
Hosah (PERSON) 3:290 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Hosah (PLACE) + 3:290 Hunt, Melvin
Hosanna + 3:290-291 Pope, Marvin H.
Hosea, Book of + 3:291-297 Seow, C. L.
Hoshaiah (PERSON) + 3:297-298 McKenzie, Steven L.
Hoshama (PERSON) 3:298 Fuller, Russell
Hoshea (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:298-299 Kuntz, J. Kenneth
Hospitality + 3:299-301 Koenig, John
Hosts, Host of Heaven + 3:301-304 Mullen, E. Theodore, Jr.
Hosts, Lord of + 3:304-307 Seow, C. L.
Hotham (PERSON) + 3:307-308 Uitti, Roger W.
Hothir (PERSON) 3:308 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
House of the Forest of Lebanon. See Forest of Lebanon, House of the
House, Israelite + 3:308-318 Holladay, John S., Jr.
Household Codes. See also Haustafeln + 3:318-320 Balch, David L.
Household Gods. See Idol, Idolatry
Hozai (PERSON) 3:320 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Hukkok (PLACE) 3:320 Herion, Gary A.
Hukok (PLACE) 3:320-321 Herion, Gary A.
Hul (PERSON) 3:321 Baker, David W.
Huldah (PERSON) 3:321 Viviano, Pauline A.
Humanity, NT View of + 3:321-325 Taylor, Walter F., Jr.
Humor and Wit: 3:325-333
Humor and Wit 3:325-326 Herion, Gary A.
Ancient Egypt + 3:326-328 Meltzer, Edmund S.
Mesopotamia + 3:328-330 Foster, Benjamin R.
ABD Article Index
48
Old Testament + 3:330-333 Greenstein, Edward L.
New Testament + 3:333 Culpepper, R. Alan
Humtah (PLACE) 3:333 Kotter, Wade R.
Hunchback. See Sickness and Disease
Hundred, Tower of the (PLACE) + 3:333-334 Liid, Dale C.
Hunting. See Zoology
Hupham (PERSON) 3:334 Slayton, Joel C.
Huppah (PERSON) 3:334 Wright, John W.
Huppim (PERSON). See Hupham (PERSON)
Hur (PERSON) 1-5 + 3:334 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Hurai (PERSON). See Hiddai (PERSON)
Huram (PERSON). See also Hiram (PERSON) 1-2 3:335 Whitelam, Keith W.
Huramabi (PERSON). See also Hiram (PERSON) 1-2
Huri (PERSON) 3:335 Graham, M. Patrick
Hurrian Language. See Languages (Hurrian)
Hurrians + 3:335-338 Morrison, Martha A.
Husband. See Family
Hushah (PERSON) + 3:338 Liid, Dale C.
Hushai (PERSON) 1-2 3:338-339 Nysse, Richard W.
Husham (PERSON) + 3:339 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Hushathite. See Hushah (PERSON)
Hushim (PERSON) 1-3 3:339 Nysse, Richard W.
Husn, el- (M.R. 232210) + 3:339-340 Richard, Suzanne
Hydaspes (PLACE) 3:340-341 Pietersma, Albert
Hyena. See Zoology
Hyksos: 3:341-348
History + 3:341-344 Redford, Donald B.
Archaeology + 3:344-346 Weinstein, James M.
Bibliography 3:346-348 Redford, Donald B., Weinstein, James M.
Hymenaeus (PERSON) + 3:348-349 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Hymn of the Pearl + 3:349-350 Mirecki, Paul Allan
Hymn of the Three Young Men. See Daniel, Additions to
Hymns, Early Christian + 3:350-351 Bichsel, M. Alfred
Hymns, Thanksgiving. See Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)
Hypocoristic Names. See Names, Hypocoristic
Hypostasis of the Archons (NHC II, 4) + 3:352 Peel, Malcolm L.
Hypsiphrone (NHC XI, 4) + 3:352-353 Turner, John D.
Hyrax. See Zoology
Hyrcanus (PERSON) 1-3 3:353 Carroll, Scott T.
Hyssop. See Flora
Ibex. See Zoology
Ibhar (PERSON) 3:355 Howard, David M., Jr.
Ibleam (PLACE) + 3:355 Hunt, Melvin
Ibneiah (PERSON) 3:355 Dunston, Robert C.
Ibnijah (PERSON) 3:355 Dunston, Robert C.
Ibri (PERSON) + 3:355-356 Wright, John W.
Ibsam (PERSON) + 3:356 Davis, M. Stephen
Ibzan (PERSON) + 3:356 Boling, Robert G.
Ichabod (PERSON) 3:356 Viviano, Pauline A.
Iconium (PLACE) + 3:357-358 Gasque, W. Ward
Iconography and the Bible + 3:358-374 Keel, Othmar
Idalah (PLACE) 3:374 Hunt, Melvin
Idbash (PERSON) + 3:374-375 Clem, H. Eldon
Iddo (PERSON) 1-7 + 3:375-376 Wright, John W.
Idol, Idolatry + 3:376-381 Curtis, Edward M.
Idrimi + 3:381-382 Oller, Gary H.
Iduel (PERSON). See Ariel
Idumea (PLACE) + 3:382-383 Hübner, Ulrich
Iezer (PERSON) 3:383
Igal (PERSON) 1-3 3:383-384 Fuller, Russell
ABD Article Index
49
Igdaliah (PERSON) 3:384 Bracke, John M.
Ignatius, Epistles of + 3:384-387 Schoedel, William R.
Iim (PLACE) + 3:387 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Ijon (PLACE) + 3:387-388 Mullins, Robert A.
Ikkesh (PERSON) 3:388 Duke, Rodney K.
Ilai (PERSON) 3:388 Schley, Donald G.
Iliadun (PERSON) 3:388 McGehee, Michael David
Illyricum (PLACE) + 3:388-389 McRay, John
Image. See Idol, Idolatry; Graven Image 3:389
Image of God (OT) + 3:389-391 Curtis, Edward M.
Imalkue (PERSON) + 3:391 Kasher, Aryeh
Imitate, Imitators + 3:392 Wilkins, Michael J.
Imlah (PERSON) 3:392 Walsh, Jerome T.
Immanuel (PERSON) + 3:392-395 Jensen, Joseph
Immer (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:395-396 Uitti, Roger W.
Immer (PLACE) + 3:396 Arnold, Bill T.
Imna (PERSON) + 3:396-397 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Imnah (PERSON) 1-2 3:397 Mariottini, Claude F.
Impalement. See Punishments and Crimes (OT and ANE)
Impediment of Speech. See Sickness and Disease
Impurity, Water for. See Water for Impurity
Imrah (PERSON) + 3:397 O’Brien, Julia M.
Imri (PERSON) 1-2 3:397 Dunston, Robert C.
Incarnation. See also Christology + 3:397-404 Dunn, James D. G.
Incense + 3:404-409 Nielsen, Kjeld
Incense Altars + 3:409-410 Fowler, Mervyn D.
Incense Dish 3:410 Meyers, Carol
Incest. See Punishments and Crimes (OT and ANE)
India (PLACE) 3:410 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Indus River. See India (PLACE)
Infancy Gospels. See Thomas, Infancy Gospel of
Infancy Narratives in the NT Gospels + 3:410-415 Brown, Raymond E.
Infantry. See Military Organization in Mesopotamia
Ingathering, Feast of. See Calendars (Ancient Israelite) 3:415
Ingots. See Coinage
Inheritance (OT). See Family
Inheritance (NT) + 3:415-417 Hammer, Paul L.
Ink. See Writing and Writing Materials
Inquire of God + 3:417-418 Begg, Christopher T.
Inscriptions, Safaitic + 3:418-423 MacDonald, M. C. A.
Insects. See Zoology (Fauna)
Instruments, Musical. See Music and Musical Instruments
Interest and Usury in the Greco-Roman Period + 3:423-424 Frier, Bruce W.
Interpretation of Knowledge (NHC XI, 1). See Knowledge, Interpretation of (NHC XI, 1)
Interpretation, History of. 3:424
See also Hermeneutics; Hermeneutics, Early Rabbinic; Theology (Biblical), History of
History of OT Interpretation + 3:425-433 Rogerson, J. W.
History of Biblical Hermeneutics + 3:433-443 Jeanrond, Werner G.
Iob (PERSON) + 3:443-444 Mariottini, Claude F.
Iota 3:444
Iotape (PERSON) 1-7 + 3:444 Sullivan, Richard D.
Iotape (PLACE). See also Iotape (PERSON); Jotbah (PLACE). 1-3 + 3:444-445 Sullivan, Richard D.
Iphdeiah (PERSON) + 3:445 Harmon, G. Edwin
Iphtah (PLACE) 3:445 Kotter, Wade R.
Iphtahel (PLACE) + 3:445 Frankel, Rafael
Ir (PERSON) + 3:445-446 Harmon, G. Edwin
Ir-Shemesh (PLACE). See also Beth-Shemesh (M.R. 147128) 3:446 Greenberg, Raphael
Ira (PERSON) 1-3 3:446 Duke, Rodney K.
‘Ira, Tel (M.R. 148071) + 3:446-448 Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq
Irad (PERSON) + 3:448-449 Hess, Richard S.
ABD Article Index
50
Iram (PERSON) 3:449 Hübner, Ulrich
Iram (29º34'N; 35º24'E) + 3:449-450 Graf, David F.
Iran, Prehistory of + 3:450-454 Dyson, Robert H., Jr.
‘Iraq el-Emir (M.R. 221147) + 3:454-456 Will, Ernest
Irbid, Tell (M.R. 229218) + 3:456-457 Lenzen, C. J.
Irenaeus + 3:457-461 Donovan, Mary Ann
Iri (PERSON) + 3:461
,Harmon, G. Edwin
Irijah (PERSON) + 3:462 Bracke, John M.
Irnahash (PLACE) + 3:462 Seely, Jo Ann H.
Irpeel (PLACE) 3:462 Herion, Gary A.
Iru (PERSON) 3:462 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Isaac (PERSON) + 3:462-470 Martin-Achard, Robert; Prendergast,
Terrence (trans.)
Isaiah Scroll, The (1QIsa
a
) + 3:470-472 Gonçalves, Francolino J.
Isaiah, Book of: 3:472-507
First Isaiah + 3:472-488 Seitz, Christopher R.
Isaiah 24-27 (Little Apocalypse) + 3:488-490 Millar, William R.
Second Isaiah + 3:490-501 Clifford, Richard J.
Third Isaiah + 3:501-507 Seitz, Christopher R.
Isaiah, Martyrdom and Ascension of + 3:507-509 Trafton, Joseph L.
Iscah (PERSON) + 3:509 Hess, Richard S.
Iscariot. See Judas Iscariot
Ish-Bosheth (PERSON) + 3:509-510 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Ish-Hai (PERSON) 3:510 Viviano, Pauline A.
Ishbah (PERSON) 3:510 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Ishbak (PERSON) 3:510 Nysse, Richard W.
Ishbi-Benob (PERSON) + 3:510 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Ishhod (PERSON) 3:510 Graham, M. Patrick
Ishi (DEITY) 3:510-511 Maier, Walter Arthur, III
Ishi (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:511 Whitelam, Keith W.
Ishma (PERSON) 3:511-512 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Ishmael (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:512 Berridge, John M.
Ishmael (PERSON) 3-6 + 3:512-513 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Ishmael, Rabbi + 3:513 Goldenberg, Robert
Ishmaelites + 3:513-520 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Ishmaiah (PERSON) + 3:520 Kennedy, James M.
Ishmerai (PERSON) + 3:520 Harmon, G. Edwin
Ishpah (PERSON) + 3:520-521 Harmon, G. Edwin
Ishpan (PERSON) + 3:521 Harmon, G. Edwin
Ishtar (DEITY) + 3:521-522 Fulco, William J.
Ishvah (PERSON) + 3:522 Mariottini, Claude F.
Ishvi (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:522 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Iskander, Khirbet (M.R. 223107) + 3:523-526 Richard, Suzanne
Ismachiah (PERSON) 3:526 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Israel Court. See Temple, Jerusalem
Israel, History of. 3:526-576
See also Chronology (Hebrew Bible); Court Narrative; Covenant; Ephraim; Exodus, the; Galilee; King and Kingship;
Mesha Stele; Negeb; Palestine, Administration of; Palestine, Archaeology of; Syro-Ephraimite War; Maccabean Revolt;
Jewish War; Bar Kokhba Revolt
Premonarchic Period + 3:526-545 Lemche, Niels Peter; Cryer, Frederick (trans.)
Archaeology and the Israelite "Conquest" + 3:545-558 Dever, William G.
Monarchic Period + 3:558-567 Hoppe, Leslie J.
Post-Monarchic Period + 3:567-576 Carroll, Robert P.
Israel, Sociology of Ancient. See Sociology (Ancient Israel)
Issachar (PERSON) 1 + 3:577 Herion, Gary A.
Issachar (PERSON) 2 + 3:577-578 Thompson, David L.
Isshiah (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:578 Wright, John W.
Isshijah (PERSON) 3:578 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Istalcurus (PERSON) + 3:578 McGehee, Michael David
Italian Cohort + 3:578-579 Olson, Mark J.
ABD Article Index
51
Italy (PLACE) 3:579 Thorsen, Donald A. D.
Itch. See Sickness and Disease
Ithai (PERSON) 3:579 Schley, Donald G.
Ithamar (PERSON) + 3:579-581 Propp, William H.
Ithiel (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:581 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Ithlah (PLACE) 3:582 Herion, Gary A.
Ithmah (PERSON) 3:582 Duke, Rodney K.
Ithnan (PLACE) + 3:582 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Ithra (PERSON) + 3:582 Dempster, Stephen G.
Ithran (PERSON) 1-2 3:582 Matthews, Victor H.
Ithream (PERSON) 3:582 Howard, David M., Jr.
Ithrite + 3:582-583 Dempster, Stephen G.
Ittai (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:583 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Ituraea (PLACE) + 3:583-584 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Ivory + 3:584-587 Liebowitz, Harold A.
Ivvah (PLACE) 3:587-588 Avalos, Hector
Iye-Abarim (PLACE) 3:588 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Iyyar. See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite) 3:588
‘Izbet Sartah (M.R. 146167) + 3:588-589 Finkelstein, Israel
Izhar (PERSON) + 3:589 Uitti, Roger W.
Izliah (PERSON) + 3:590 Harmon, G. Edwin
Izrahiah (PERSON) 3:590 Kennedy, James M.
Izrahite 3:590 Duke, Rodney K.
Izri (PERSON) + 3:590 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Izziah (PERSON) 3:590 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
J. See Yahwist ("J") Source 3:591
Jaakan (PERSON) + 3:591 Matthews, Victor H.
Jaakobah (PERSON) 3:591 Pike, Dana M.
Jaala (PERSON) 3:591 McGehee, Michael David
Jaar (PLACE) + 3:591 Luker, Lamontte M.
Jaareshiah (PERSON) 3:591-592 Pike, Dana M.
Jaasiel (PERSON) 1-2 3:592 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Jaasu (PERSON) 3:592 Pike, Dana M.
Jaazaniah (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:592-593 Berridge, John M.
Jaaziah (PERSON) 3:593 Pike, Dana M.
Jaaziel (PERSON) 3:593 Pike, Dana M.
Jabal (PERSON) + 3:593 Hess, Richard S.
Jabbok (PLACE) + 3:593-594 Younker, Randall W.
Jabesh (PERSON) 3:594 Viviano, Pauline A.
Jabesh-Gilead (PLACE) + 3:594-595 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Jabez (PERSON) 3:595 Lo, Hing Choi
Jabez (PLACE) 3:595 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Jabin (PERSON) 1-2 3:595-596 Benjamin, Paul
Jabneel (PLACE) 1-2 3:596 Liebowitz, Harold A.
Jabneh (PLACE). See Jabneel (PLACE); Jamnia (Jabneh), Council of
Jacan (PERSON) 3:596-597 Graham, M. Patrick
Jachin (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:597 Mariottini, Claude F.
Jachin and Boaz + 3:597-598 Meyers, Carol
Jackal. See Zoology 3:598
Jackal’s Well (PLACE) 3:598-599 Herion, Gary A.
Jacob (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:599 Porter, Stanley E.
Jacob Narrative + 3:599-608 Walters, Stanley D.
Jacob’s Well (PLACE) + 3:608-609 Stefanovic, Zdravko
Jacob, Ladder of + 3:609 Charlesworth, James H.
Jacob, Prayer of + 3:609 Charlesworth, James H.
Jada (PERSON) + 3:609-610 Steeger, William P.
Jaddai (PERSON). See Iddo 3:610
Jaddua (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:610 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Jaddus (PERSON) 3:610 McGehee, Michael David
Jadon (PERSON) 3:610 Ruffin, Michael L.
ABD Article Index
52
Jael (PERSON) + 3:610-611 Lowery, Kirk E.
Jagur (PLACE) + 3:611 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Jah/Jahveh/Jahweh. See Yahweh
Jahath (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:611-612 Wright, John W.
Jahaz (PLACE) + 3:612 Dearman, J. Andrew
Jahaziel (PERSON) 1-5 + 3:612-613 Shearer, Rodney H.
Jahdai (PERSON) 3:613 Evans, Craig A.
Jahdiel (PERSON) 3:613 Graham, M. Patrick
Jahdo (PERSON) 3:613 Graham, M. Patrick
Jahleel (PERSON) 3:613-614 Mariottini, Claude F.
Jahmai (PERSON) 3:614 Davis, M. Stephen
Jahzah (PLACE). See Jahaz
Jahzeel (PERSON) 3:614 Mariottini, Claude F.
Jahzeiah (PERSON) 3:614 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Jahzerah (PERSON) 3:614 Hutton, Rodney R.
Jahziel (PERSON). See Jahzeel
Jailor, Philippian. See Philippian Jailor
Jair (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:614-615 Boling, Robert G.
Jairite + 3:615 Dempster, Stephen G.
Jairus (PERSON) + 3:615 Setzer, Claudia J.
Jakeh (PERSON) 3:615 Berry, Donald K.
Jakim (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:616 Wright, John W.
Jalam (PERSON) 3:616 Hübner, Ulrich
Jalon (PERSON) 3:616 Lo, Hing Choi
Jamb 3:616 Meyers, Carol
Jambres (PERSON). See Jannes and Jambres
Jambri (PERSON) + 3:616 Hardwick, Michael E.
James (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:616-618 Hagner, Donald A.
James, The Apocryphon of (NHC I,2) + 3:619-620 Cameron, Ron
James, Brother of Jesus + 3:620-621 Gillman, Florence Morgan
James, Epistle of + 3:621-628 Laws, Sophie
James, First Apocalypse of (NHC V,3) + 3:628-629 Schoedel, William R.
James, Protevangelium of + 3:629-632 Vorster, Willem S.
James, Second Apocalypse of (NHC V,4) + 3:632-633 Hedrick, Charles W.
Jamin (PERSON) 1-3 3:633-634 Mariottini, Claude F.
Jamlech (PERSON) 3:634 Evans, Craig A.
Jamnia (Jabneh), Council of + 3:634-637 Lewis, Jack P.
Janai (PERSON) 3:637-638 Graham, M. Patrick
Janim (PLACE) 3:638 Dyck, Elmer H.
Jannai (PERSON) + 3:638 Porter, Stanley E.
Jannes and Jambres (PERSONS) + 3:638-640 Pietersma, Albert
Janneus (PERSON) 3:640 Carroll, Scott T.
Janoah (PLACE) 1-2 3:640-641 Frankel, Rafael
Jaoel (ANGEL) + 3:641 McKenzie, Steven L.
Japanese Biblical Scholarship. See Biblical Scholarship, Japanese
Japheth (PERSON) 3:641-642 Isaac, Ephraim
Japheth (PLACE) + 3:642 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Japhia (PERSON) 1-2 3:642 Howard, David M., Jr.
Japhia (PLACE) 3:642-643 Howard, David M., Jr.
Japhlet (PERSON) 3:643 Willett, Tom Wayne
Japhletites 3:643 Reed, Stephen A.
Jar Handle Stamps, Royal. See Stamps, Royal Jar Handle
Jarah (PERSON) + 3:643 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Jarba, ‘Ein el- (M.R. 162227)
,+ 3:643-644 Kaplan, Jacob
Jared (PERSON) + 3:644 Hess, Richard S.
Jarha (PERSON) + 3:644 Steeger, William P.
Jarib (PERSON) 1-3 3:644 Shearer, Rodney H.
Jarmuth (PLACE) 1 + 3:644-645 Manor, Dale W.
Jarmuth (PLACE) 2 + 3:645-646 de Miroschedji, Pierre
Jaroah (PERSON) 3:646 Graham, M. Patrick
ABD Article Index
53
Jashar, Book of + 3:646-647 Christensen, Duane L.
Jashen (PERSON) + 3:647 Dempster, Stephen G.
Jashobeam (PERSON) + 3:647-648 Duke, Rodney K.
Jashub (PERSON) 1-2 3:648 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Jason (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:649 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Jathan (PERSON) + 3:649 Redditt, Paul L.
Jathniel (PERSON) 3:649 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Jattir (PLACE) + 3:649-650 Peterson, John L.
Javan (PERSON) + 3:650 Baker, David W.
Javelin. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Jazer (PLACE) + 3:650-651 Peterson, John L.
Jaziz (PERSON) 3:651-652 Nysse, Richard W.
Jearim, Mount (PLACE) 3:652 Fanwar, Wann Marbud
Jeatherai (PERSON) 3:652 Willett, Tom Wayne
Jebel 3:652
Jeberechiah (PERSON) 3:652 Hull, John H., Jr.
Jebus (PLACE) + 3:652-653 Reed, Stephen A.
Jecoliah (PERSON) + 3:653 Schearing, Linda S.
Jeconiah (PERSON) 1-3 3:653
Jedaiah (PERSON) 1-5 3:653-655 Hutton, Rodney R.
Jediael (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:655 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Jedidah (PERSON) 3:655 Althann, Robert
Jedidiah (PERSON) + 3:655 Bailey, Randall C.
Jeduthun (PERSON) + 3:655-656 Barnes, William Hamilton
Jegar-Sahadutha (PLACE) 3:656 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Jehallelel (PERSON) 1-2 3:657 McKenzie, Steven L.
Jehdeiah (PERSON) 1-2 3:657 Nysse, Richard W.
Jehezkel (PERSON) 3:657 Wright, John W.
Jehiah (PERSON) + 3:657 Dillard, Raymond B.
Jehiel (PERSON) 1-9 3:657-658 Nysse, Richard W.
Jehizkiah (PERSON) 3:658 Lowery, Kirk E.
Jehoaddah (PERSON) + 3:658 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Jehoaddin (PERSON) 3:658-659 Schearing, Linda S.
Jehoahaz (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:659-660 Hobbs, T. R.
Jehoahaz (PERSON) 3 + 3:660 Althann, Robert
Jehohanan (PERSON) 1-8 + 3:660-661 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Jehoiachin (PERSON) + 3:661-663 Berridge, John M.
Jehoiada (PERSON) 1-4 3:663-664 McMillion,Phillip E.
Jehoiakim (PERSON) + 3:664-666 Berridge, John M.
Jehoiarib (PERSON) 1-2 3:666 Hutton, Rodney R.
Jehonathan (PERSON) 1-3 3:666 Augustin, Gary C.
Jehoram (PERSON). See Joram 3:666
Jehoshabeath (PERSON). See Jehosheba 3:666
Jehoshaphat (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:666-668 Kuntz, J. Kenneth
Jehoshaphat, Valley of (PLACE) + 3:668-669 Mare, W. Harold
Jehosheba (PERSON) 3:669 Schearing, Linda S.
Jehovah. See Yahweh
Jehozabad (PERSON) 1-3 3:669 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Jehozadak (PERSON) 3:670 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Jehu (PERSON) 1-5 + 3:670-673 Thiel, Winfried; Muenchow, Charles (trans.)
Jehubbah (PERSON) + 3:673 O’Brien, Julia M.
Jehucal (PERSON) + 3:673-674 Berridge, John M.
Jehud (PLACE) 3:674 Greenberg, Raphael
Jehudi (PERSON) + 3:674 Berridge, John M.
Jeiel (PERSON) 1-11 + 3:674-676 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Jekabzeel (PLACE). See Kabzeel
Jekameam (PERSON) + 3:676 Wright, John W.
Jekamiah (PERSON) 1-2 3:676 Fuller, Russell
Jekuthiel (PERSON) 3:676 Lo, Hing Choi
Jemimah (PERSON) + 3:676 Holbert, John C.
ABD Article Index
54
Jemmeh, Tell (M.R. 097088) + 3:676-678 Van Beek, Gus W.
Jemuel (PERSON). See Nemuel
Jenin (M.R. 178207) + 3:678-680 Glock, Albert E.
Jephthah (PERSON) + 3:680-682 Boling, Robert G.
Jephunneh (PERSON) 1-2 3:682-683 Panitz, Raphael I.
Jerah (PERSON) + 3:683 Müller, Walter W.
Jerahmeel (ANGEL). See Jeremiel
Jerahmeel (PERSON) 1-2 3:683-684 Uitti, Roger W.
Jerahmeel (PERSON) 3 + 3:684 Lundbom, Jack R.
Jerash (PLACE). See Gerasenes
Jered (PERSON) 3:684 Hess, Richard S.
Jeremai (PERSON) 3:684 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Jeremiah (PERSON) 1-10 3:684 Althann, Robert
Jeremiah (PROPHET) + 3:684-698 Lundbom, Jack R.
Jeremiah, Additions to + 3:698-706 Moore, Carey A.
Jeremiah, Book of + 3:706-721 Lundbom, Jack R.
Jeremiah, Epistle of 3:721-722 Mendels, Doron
Jeremiel (ANGEL) + 3:722-723 Nickelsburg, George W. E.
Jeremoth (PERSON). See Jerimoth
Jeriah (PERSON) + 3:723 Wright, John W.
Jeribai (PERSON) 3:723 Endres, John C.
Jericho (PLACE) 3:723-740
Jericho (PLACE):
A-D: (Tell es-Sultan) 3:723-737 Holland, Thomas A.
E: Roman Jericho (Tulul Abu el-‘Alayiq) 3:737-739 Netzer, Ehud
Bibliography 3:739-740 Holland, Thomas A.; Netzer, Ehud
Jeriel (PERSON) 3:740 Davis, M. Stephen
Jerimoth (PERSON) 1-12 + 3:740-741 Wright, John W.
Jerioth (PERSON) + 3:741-742 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Jeroboam (PERSON) 1 + 3:742-745 Evans, Carl D.
Jeroboam (PERSON) 2 + 3:745-746 Whitelam, Keith W.
Jeroham (PERSON) 1-7 3:746 McKenzie, Steven L.
Jerubbaal (PERSON) + 3:746-747 Lowery, Kirk E.
Jerubbesheth (PERSON) + 3:747 Bailey, Randall C.
Jeruel (PLACE) 3:747 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Jerusalem (PLACE) + 3:747-766 King, Philip J.
Jerusalem, Council of + 3:766-768 Cousar, Charles B.
Jerusha (PERSON) + 3:768 Schearing, Linda S.
Jeshaiah (PERSON) 1-6 + 3:768-769 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Jeshanah (PLACE) + 3:769 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Jesharelah (PERSON). See Asharelah (PERSON)
Jeshebeab (PERSON) 3:769 Wright, John W.
Jesher (PERSON) 3:769 Lo, Hing Choi
Jeshimon (PLACE) 1-2 + 3:769 DeVries, LaMoine F.
Jeshishai (PERSON) 3:769 Graham, M. Patrick
Jeshohaiah (PERSON) 3:769 Evans, Craig A.
Jeshua (PERSON) 1-6 + 3:769-771 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Jeshua (PLACE) 3:771 Kotter, Wade R.
Jeshurun + 3:771-772 Jeansonne, Sharon Pace
Jesimiel (PERSON) 3:772 Evans, Craig A.
Jesse (PERSON) + 3:772-773 Whitelam, Keith W.
Jesus (PERSON). 3:773-819
See also Wisdom of Ben-Sira; Justus
Jesus Christ + 3:773-796 Meyer, Ben Franklin
Quest for the Historical Jesus + 3:796-802 Wright, N.T.
The Actual Words of Jesus + 3:802-804 Riches, John
The Teaching of Jesus Christ + 3:804-812 Borg, Marcus J.
The Worship of Jesus + 3:812-819 Bauckham, Richard
Jesus Christ, Sophia of (NHC III,4). See Eugnostos and the Sophia of Jesus Christ
Jesus, Brothers and Sisters of + 3:819-820 Brashler, James A.
ABD Article Index
55
Jether (PERSON) 1-5 3:820-821 Lo, Hing Choi
Jetheth (PERSON) 3:821 Hübner, Ulrich
Jethro (PERSON) + 3:821 Slayton, Joel C.
Jetur (PERSON) + 3:821-822 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Jeuel (PERSON) 1-3 3:822 Shearer, Rodney H.
Jeush (PERSON) 1-5 + 3:822 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Jeuz (PERSON) + 3:822-823 Harmon, G. Edwin
Jewelry, Ancient Israelite + 3:823-834 Platt, Elizabeth E.
Jewish Christianity. See Christianity (Early Jewish); Ebionites; Nazarenes
Jewish Versions of the Bible. See Versions, Jewish
Jewish-Christian Relations 70-170 C.E. + 3:834-839 Wilson, Stephen G.
Jewish War (66-73 C.E.) + 3:839-845 Levine, Lee I.
Jews in the NT + 3:845-848 Chilton, Bruce
Jezaniah (PERSON) 1-2 3:848 Berridge, John M.
Jezebel (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:848-849 Yee, Gale A.
Jezer (PERSON) + 3:849 Mariottini, Claude F.
Jeziel (PERSON) + 3:849 Dillard, Raymond B.
Jezrahiah (PERSON) 3:849 Williams, Nora A.
Jezreel (PERSON) 1-2 3:849-850 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Jezreel (PLACE) 1-2 + 3:850 Hunt, Melvin
Jib, el. See Gibeon (PLACE)
Jidlaph (PERSON) + 3:851 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Jilat, Wadi al- + 3:851 Andrew N. Garrard
Jisr Banat Ya‘aqub (M.R. 209268) + 3:851-852 Goren-Inbar, Naaha
Joab (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:852-854 Schley, Donald G.
Joah (PERSON) 1-4 + 3:854 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Joakim (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:854 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Joanan (PERSON) + 3:854-855 Porter, Stanley E.
Joanna (PERSON) + 3:855 Witherington, Ben, III
Joarib (PERSON) 3:855 Redditt, Paul L.
Joash (PERSON) 1-8 + 3:855-858 Schearing, Linda S.
Job, Book of + 3:858-868 Crenshaw, James L.
Job, Targums of + 3:868-869 Zuckerman, Bruce
Job, Testament of + 3:869-871 Spittler, Russell P.
Jobab (PERSON) 1 + 3:871 Müller, Walter W.
Jobab (PERSON) 2-5 3:871 Fretz, Mark J.
Jochebed (PERSON) + 3:871-872 Burns, Rita J.
Joda (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:872 Fretz, Mark J.
Jodan (PERSON) 3:872 McGehee, Michael David
Joed (PERSON) + 3:872 Schmidt, Frederick W.
,Ahasuerus (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:105 Yamauchi, Edwin M.
Ahava (PLACE) + 1:105-106 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahaz (PERSON) 1 + 1:106 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Ahaz (PERSON) 2 + 1:106-107 Whitelam, Keith W.
Ahaziah (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:107-109 Thiel, Winfried; Callaway, Phillip R. (trans.)
Ahban (PERSON) 1:109 Fretz, Mark J.
Aher (PERSON) + 1:109-110 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahi (PERSON) 1:110 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahiah (PERSON) + 1:110 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahiam (PERSON) + 1:110 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahian (PERSON) + 1:110 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahiezer (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:111 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahihud (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:111 Panitz, Raphael I.
Ahijah (PERSON) 1-9 + 1:111-112 Whitelam, Keith W.
Ahikam (PERSON) + 1:112-113 Berridge, John M.
Ahikar/Ahiqar (PERSON) + 1:113-115 VanderKam, James C.
Ahilud (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:115 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahimaaz (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:115-116 Knobloch, Frederick W.
Ahiman (PERSON) 1-2 1:116-117 Dunston, Robert C.
Ahimelech (PERSON) 1:117 Moyer, James C.
Ahimoth (PERSON) 1:117 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahinadab (PERSON) 1:117 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahinoam (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:117-118 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Ahio (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:118-119 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Ahiqar, Book of + 1:119-120 VanderKam, James C.
Ahira (PERSON) 1:120 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahiram (PERSON) 1:120-121 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Ahisamach (PERSON) 1:121 Reed, Stephen A.
Ahishahar (PERSON) + 1:121 Harmon, G. Edwin
Ahishar (PERSON) 1:121 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Ahithophel (PERSON) + 1:121-122 Schley, Donald G.
Ahitub (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:122-123 Uitti, Roger W.
Ahlab (PLACE) + 1:123 Fretz, Mark J.
Ahlai (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:123-124 Steeger, William P.
Ahlamu. See Arameans
Ahoah (PERSON) 1:124 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Ahohi (PERSON) + 1:124 Schley, Donald G.
Ahriman. See Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism
Ahumai (PERSON) 1:124 Lo, Hing Choi
Ahura Mazda (DEITY) + 1:124-125 Boyce, Mary
Ahuzzam (PERSON) 1:125 Lo, Hing Choi
Ahuzzath (PERSON) + 1:125 Williams, David Salter
Ahzai (PERSON) 1:125 Uitti, Roger W.
Ai (PLACE) + 1:125-130 Callaway, Joseph A.
Aiah (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:130-131 Dempster, Stephen G.
Aiath (PLACE). See Ai (PLACE)
Aijalon (PLACE) + 1:131 Peterson, John L.
Ain (PLACE) 1-2 + 1:131-132 Peterson, John L.
‘Ain Ghazal + 1:132-133 Rollefson, Gary O.
‘Ajjul, Tell el- (M.R. 093097) + 1:133-134 Liid, Dale C.
Akan (PERSON) 1:134 Matthews, Victor H.
Akeldama (PLACE) + 1:134-135 Smith, Robert Wayne
Akhenaten + 1:135-137 Redford, Donald B.
Akhetaten (PLACE). See Amarna, Tell el-
Akiba, Rabbi + 1:137-138 Goldenberg, Robert
Akitu + 1:138-140 Klein, Jacob
Akkadian Language. See Languages (Akkadian)
Akko (PLACE). See Acco (PLACE)
Akkub (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:140 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Akrabattene (PLACE) + 1:140-141 Görg, Manfred
ABD Article Index
5
Akrabbim (PLACE) + 1:141 Görg, Manfred
Al ’Ubaid (30º59'N; 46º03'E) + 1:141-142 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Sager, Paul (trans.)
al-‘Ula. See Dedan
Alalakh. See also Amuq Plain + 1:142-145 Astour, Michael C.
Alcimus (PERSON) 1:145 Rappaport, Uriel
Alema (PLACE) + 1:145 Redditt, Paul L.
Alemeth (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:145-146 Brettler, Marc Zvi
’Alep 1:146
Alexander the Great (PERSON) + 1:146-150 Milns, R.D.
Alexander (PERSON) 1 + 1:150-151 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
Alexander (PERSON) 2-6 + 1:151-152 Green, Joel B.
Alexandra Salome (PERSON) + 1:152 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
Alexandria (PLACE) + 1:152-157 Pearson, Birger A.
Alexandrinus. See Codex Alexandrinus
Algebra. See Mathematics, Algebra, and Geometry
‘Ali, Tell (M.R. 202234) + 1:157-158 Prausnitz, M.W.
Alia Airport (PLACE) + 1:158 Ibrahim, Moawiyah M.
Aliah (PERSON). See Alvah (PERSON)
‘Alla, Deir. See Deir ‘Alla
Allammelech (PLACE) 1:158 Hunt, Melvin
Allogenes (NHC XI,3) + 1:158-159 King, Karen L.
Allon (PERSON) 1:160 Clem, H. Eldon
Allon-Bacuth (PLACE) 1:160 Herion, Gary A.
Almighty + 1:160 Lillie, Betty Jane
Almodad (PERSON) + 1:160-161 Müller, Walter W.
Almon (PLACE) + 1:161 Thompson, Henry O.
Almon-Diblathaim (PLACE) 1:161 Younker, Randall W.
Almond. See Flora
Aloes. See Perfumes and Spices; Flora
Alpha 1:161
Alpha and Omega + 1:161-162 Reddish, Mitchell G.
Alphaeus (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:162 Wheeler, Frank E.
Altar + 1:162-167 Haak, Robert D.
Altar of Witness. See Witness, Altar of (PLACE)
Altars, Incense. See Incense Altars
Alush (PLACE) 1:167 Herion, Gary A.
Alvah (PERSON) + 1:167 Hübner, Ulrich
Alvan (PERSON) 1:167 Matthews, Victor H.
Am Ha’arez + 1:168-169 Healey, Joseph P.
Amad (PLACE) 1:169 Hunt, Melvin
Amal (PERSON) 1:169 O’Brien, J. Randall
Amalek (PERSON) + 1:169-171 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Amam (PLACE) + 1:171-172 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Amana (PLACE) 1:172 Roth, Ray Lee
Amanuensis + 1:172-173 Gamble, Harry Y.
Amariah (PERSON) 1-10 + 1:173 Uitti, Roger W.
Amarna Letters + 1:174-181 Na’aman, Nadav
Amarna, Tell el- (27º38'N; 30º52'E) + 1:181-182 Redford, Donald B.
Amasa (PERSON) 1-2 1:182 Nelson, Richard D.
Amasai (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:182-183 Dillard, Raymond B.
Amashsai (PERSON) 1:183 Uitti, Roger W.
Amasiah (PERSON) 1:183 Lowery, Kirk E.
Amaw (PLACE) + 1:183 Thompson, Henry O.
Amaziah (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:183-184 Fuller, Russell
Amen + 1:184-186 Chilton, Bruce
American Schools of Oriental Research, History of the. + 1:186-188 King, Philip J.
American Versions. See Versions., English (American Versions)
Ami (PERSON). See also Amon (PERSON) 1:188
Amittai (PERSON) 1:189 Weis, Richard D.
Ammah (PLACE) + 1:189 McGarry, Susan E.
ABD Article Index
6
Amman (M.R. 238151) + 1:189-192 Hadidi, Adnan
Ammidians + 1:192 McGehee, Michael David
Ammiel (PERSON) 1-4 1:192-193 Paulien, Jon
Ammihud (PERSON) 1-5 1:193 Panitz, Raphael I.
Amminadab (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:193 Dillard, Raymond B.
Ammishaddai (PERSON) + 1:193 Slayton, Joel C.
Ammizabad (PERSON) 1:193-194 Schley, Donald G.
Ammon (PERSON) + 1:194-196 de Tarragon, Jean-Michel; Norton, Gerard J. (trans.)
Ammon (PLACE). See Rabbah (Ammon)
Ammonite Languages. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Amnon (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:196-197 Howard, David M., Jr.
Amok (PERSON) 1:197 Barnes, William Hamilton
Amon (DEITY) + 1:197-198 Lewis, Theodore J.
Amon (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:198-199 Lewis, Theodore J.
Amora, Amoraim + 1:199 Flesher, Paul V. M.
Amorites + 1:199-202 Mendenhall, George E.
Amos (PERSON) 1-3 1:203 Porter, Stanley E.
Amos, Book of + 1:203-212 Willoughby, Bruce E.
Amoz (PERSON) + 1:212 Hull, John H., Jr.
Amphictyony + 1:212-216 Mayes, A. D. H.
Amphipolis (PLACE) + 1:216-217 Wineland, John D.
Ampliatus (PERSON) 1:217 Lampe, Peter
Amram (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:217 Wright, John W.
Amraphel (PERSON) + 1:217-218 Astour, Michael C.
Amulet. See Magic (ANE)
Amuq Plain + 1:218-219 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Sager, Paul (trans.)
Amzi (PERSON) 1-2 1:219 Uitti, Roger W.
Anab (PLACE) 1:219 Benjamin, Paul
Anael (PERSON) 1:219 Redditt, Paul L.
Anafa, Tel (M.R. 210286) + 1:219-221 Herbert, Sharon C.
Anah (PERSON) + 1:221 Hübner, Ulrich
Anaharath (PLACE) + 1:221-222 Frankel, Rafael
Anaiah (PERSON) 1:222 Augustin, Gary C.
Anak (PERSON) + 1:222 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Anamim + 1:222-223 Hess, Richard S.
Anammelech (DEITY) + 1:223 Fulco, William J.
Anan (PERSON) 1:223 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Anani (PERSON) + 1:223 Fuller, Russell
Ananiah (PERSON) + 1:223 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Ananiah (PLACE) + 1:224 McGarry, Susan E.
Ananias (PERSON) 1-5 + 1:224-225 O’Toole, Robert F.
Ananiel (PERSON) + 1:225 Redditt, Paul L.
Anasib (PERSON) + 1:225 McGehee, Michael David
Anath (DEITY) + 1:225-227 Maier, Walter Arthur, III
Anath (PERSON) + 1:227 Lowery, Kirk E.
Anathoth (PLACE) + 1:227-228 Peterson, John L.
Anatolia: 1:228-240
See also Hitttites
Prehistory of Anatolia + 1:228-233 Gorny, Ronald L.
History of Ancient Anatolia + 1:233-236 McMahon, Gregory
Anatolian Mythology + 1:236-240 McMahon, Gregory
Anatolian Languages. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Ancestor Worship + 1:240-242 Lewis, Theodore J.
Ancient Versions.
,Joel (PERSON) 1-15 + 3:872-873 McKenzie, Steven L.
Joel, Book of + 3:873-880 Hiebert, Theodore
Joelah (PERSON) + 3:880 Dillard, Raymond B.
Joezer (PERSON) 3:880 Dillard, Raymond B.
Jogbehah (PLACE) + 3:880 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Jogli (PERSON) 3:880 Panitz, Raphael I.
Joha (PERSON) 3:881 Uitti, Roger W.
Johanan (PERSON) 1-5 3:881 McKenzie, Steven L.
Johanan (PERSON) 6 + 3:881-882 Berridge, John M.
Johanan (PERSON) 7-9 + 3:882 McKenzie, Steven L.
Johannine Comma + 3:882-883 Osburn, Carroll D.
John (Disciple) + 3:883-886 Collins, Raymond F.
John (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:886 Carroll, Scott T.
John (PERSON) 3-7 3:886 Herion, Gary A.
John (PERSON) 8-9 3:886-887 Collins, Raymond F.
John the Baptist + 3:887-899 Hollenbach, Paul W.
John the Divine, Discourse of. See Virgin, Assumption of the
John, Acts of (By Prochorus) + 3:899 Thomason, Dana Andrew
John, Apocryphon of (NHC II,1; III, 1; IV,1; and BG 8502, 2) + 3:899-900 Wisse, Frederik
John, Epistles of + 3:900-912 Kysar, Robert
ABD Article Index
56
John, The Gospel of + 3:912-931 Kysar, Robert
Joiada (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:931 Augustin, Gary C.
Joiakim (PERSON) 3:932 Kennedy, James M.
Joiarib (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:932 Shearer, Rodney H.
Jokdeam (PLACE) 3:932-933 Kotter, Wade R.
Jokim (PERSON) 3:933 Smith, David Channing
Jokmeam (PLACE) 3:933 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Jokneam (PLACE) + 3:933-935 Amnon Ben-Tor
Jokshan (PERSON) + 3:935 Matthews, Victor H.
Joktan (PERSON) + 3:935 Hess, Richard S.
Joktheel (PLACE) 1-2 3:935-936 Kotter, Wade R.
Jonadab (PERSON) 1 3:936 Miller, Robert D., II
Jonadab (PERSON) 2 + 3:936 Bracke, John M.
Jonah (PERSON) 1-2 3:936 McGehee, Michael David
Jonah, Book of + 3:936-942 Magonet, Jonathan David
Jonam (PERSON) + 3:942 Porter, Stanley E.
Jonathan (PERSON) 1-20 + 3:942-944 Berridge, John M.
Jonathan, Son of Saul + 3:944-946 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Joppa (PLACE) + 3:946-949 Kaplan, Jacob; Kaplan, Haya Ritter
Jorah (PERSON) + 3:949 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Jorai (PERSON) 3:949 Graham, M. Patrick
Joram (PERSON) 1-6 + 3:949-953 Thiel, Winfried; Muenchow, Charles (trans.)
Jordan River + 3:953-958 Thompson, Henry O.
Jordan Valley + 3:958-960 Ibrahim, Moawiyah M.
Jordan, Jungle of (PLACE) + 3:960-961 Thompson, Henry O.
Jordan, Prehistory of + 3:961-966 Rollefson, Gary O.
Jorim (PERSON) + 3:966-967 Porter, Stanley E.
Jorkeam (PLACE) 3:967 Dyck, Elmer H.
Josech (PERSON) 3:967 Porter, Stanley E.
Joseph (PERSON) 1-8 3:967 Lillie, Betty Jane
Joseph (PERSON) 9-16 + 3:967-969 Porter, Stanley E.
Joseph and Aseneth + 3:969-971 Chesnutt, Randall D.
Joseph of Arimathea + 3:971-972 Porter, Stanley E.
Joseph of Arimathea, Narrative by. See Virgin Assumption of the; Pilate, Acts of
Joseph, History of + 3:973-974 Zervos, George T.
Joseph, Husband of Mary + 3:974-975 Porter, Stanley E.
Joseph, Prayer of + 3:976 Robinson, Stephen E.
Joseph, Son of Jacob + 3:976-981 Coats, George W.
Josephus (PERSON) + 3:981-998 Feldman, Louis H.
Joses (PERSON) 1-2 3:998 co*ckerill, Gareth Lee
Joshah (PERSON) 3:998 Evans, Craig A.
Joshaphat (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:998 Dillard, Raymond B.
Joshaviah (PERSON) 3:998 Endres, John C.
Joshbekashah (PERSON) 3:998-999 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Josheb-Basshebeth (PERSON) 3:999 Schmitz, Philip C.
Joshibiah (PERSON) 3:999 Evans, Craig A.
Joshua (PERSON) 1 + 3:999-1000 Ramsey, George W.
Joshua (PERSON) 2-5 + 3:1000-1001 Porter, Stanley E.
Joshua (PERSON) 6 + 3:1001-1002 Green, William Scott
Joshua, Book of + 3:1002-1015 Boling, Robert G.
Joshua, Psalms of (4Q378-379) + 3:1015 Newsom, Carol A.
Josiah (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:1015-1018 Althann, Robert
Josiphiah (PERSON) 3:1018 Shearer, Rodney H.
Josippon, Book of + 3:1018-1020 Flusser, David
Jotapata (PLACE). See Iotape (PLACE) 3:1020
Jotbah (PLACE) + 3:1020 Frankel, Rafael
Jotbathah (PLACE) + 3:1021 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Jotham (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:1021-1022 Kuntz, J. Kenneth
Joy + 3:1022-1023 Arnold, Clinton E.
Jozabad (PERSON) 1-6 + 3:1023-1024 Wright, John W.
ABD Article Index
57
Jozacar (PERSON) 3:1024 Viviano, Pauline A.
Jozadak (PERSON) 3:1024 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Jubal (PERSON) + 3:1024-1025 Hess, Richard S.
Jubilee, Year of + 3:1025-1030 Wright, Christopher J. H.
Jubilees, Book of + 3:1030-1032 VanderKam, James C.
Jucal (PERSON). See Jehucal (PERSON)
Judah (PERSON) 1-7 + 3:1032-1033 Hamilton, Victor P.
Judah (PERSON) 8 + 3:1033 Porter, Stanley E.
Judah (PLACE) + 3:1033-1036 de Geus, C. H. J.
Judah the Maccabee. See Judas Maccabeus (PERSON)
Judah the Prince, Rabbi + 3:1036 Goldenberg, Robert
Judah, Administration of (Postexile). See Palestine, Administration of (Postexilic Judean Officials)
Judah, Hill Country of (PLACE) 3:1036-1037 Ferris, Paul Wayne, Jr.
Judah, Wilderness of (PLACE) 3:1037 Ferris, Paul Wayne, Jr.
Judaism: 3:1037-1089
Judaism in the Greco-Roman Period + 3:1037-1054 Overman, J. Andrew; Green, William Scott
Palestinian Judaism + 3:1054-1061 Fraade, Steven D.
Judaism in Egypt + 3:1061-1072 Borgen, Peder
Jews in North Africa + 3:1072-1073 Appelbaum, Shimon
Judaism in Rome + 3:1073-1076 Penna, Romano
Babylonian Judaism + 3:1076-1083 Beer, Moshe; Erez, Menahem (trans.)
Judaism in the Mishnaic Period + 3:1083-1089 Zahavy, Tzvee
Judaizing + 3:1089 Aageson, James W.
Judas (PERSON) 1-5 + 3:1089-1090 Redditt, Paul L.
Judas (PERSON) 6-9 + 3:1090 Miller, Robert D., II
Judas (PERSON) 10 3:1090-1091 co*ckerill, Gareth Lee
Judas Iscariot + 3:1091-1096 Klassen, William
Judas Maccabeus 3:1096-1098 Rappaport, Uriel
Jude, Epistle of + 3:1098-1103 Bauckham, Richard
Judea (PLACE). See Judah (PLACE)
Judea, Ridge of. See Ridge of Judea (PLACE)
Judeideh, Tell (M.R. 141115) + 3:1103-1104 Broshi, Magen
Judge, Judging 3:1104-1106 Mafico, Temba L. Jackson
Judges, Book of + 3:1107-1117 Boling, Robert G.
Judgment, Day of. See Day of Judgement
Judgment, Hall of (PLACE) + 3:1117 Herion, Gary A.
Judith (PERSON) 1-2 + 3:1117 Moyer, James C.
Judith, Book of + 3:1117-1125 Moore, Carey A.
Julia (PERSON) 3:1125 Lampe, Peter
Julius (PERSON) + 3:1125-1126 Olson, Mark J.
Julius Caesar + 3:1126-1127 Marshall, Bruce A.
Junias (PERSON) + 3:1127 Lampe, Peter
Jushab-Hesed (PERSON) 3:1127 Fuller, Russell
Just, Justice + 3:1127-1129 Mafico, Temba L. Jackson
Justification + 3:1129-1133 Hays, Richard B.
Justin Martyr (PERSON) + 3:1133-1134 Grant, Robert M.
Justus (PERSON) 1-3 + 3:1134-1135 Gillman, John L.
Juttah (PLACE) + 3:1135 Peterson, John L.
Kab. See Weights and Measures
Kabzeel (PLACE) 4:1 Willett, Tom Wayne
Kadesh-Barnea (PLACE) + 4:1-3 Manor, Dale W.
Kadesh-on-the-Orontes + 4:3-4 Avalos, Hector
Kadmiel (PERSON) 4:4 Brensinger, Terry L.
Kadmonites + 4:4 Reed, Stephen A.
Kain (PLACE) 4:4 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Kaiwan (DEITY). See Sakkuth and Kaiwan (DEITIES)
Kallai (PERSON) 4:4 Barnes, William Hamilton
Kamon (PLACE) + 4:5 Thompson, Henry O.
Kanah (PLACE) + 4:5 Thompson, Henry O.
Kap 4:5
ABD Article Index
58
Kappa 4:5
Kareah (PERSON) 4:6 Bracke, John M.
Karka (PLACE) 4:6 Kotter, Wade R.
Karkor (PLACE) + 4:6 Thompson, Henry O.
Karnaim (PLACE). See Ashteroth-Karnaim (PLACE)
Kartah (PLACE) + 4:6-7 Peterson, John L.
Kartan (PLACE) + 4:7 Peterson, John L.
Kashruth. See Meal Customs (Jewish Dietary Laws)
Kassite Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Kattath (PLACE) 4:7-8 Hunt, Melvin
Kebara Cave (M.R. 144218) + 4:8-9 Schick, Tamar
Kedar (PERSON) + 4:9-10 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Kedemah (PERSON) + 4:10 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Kedemoth (PLACE) + 4:10-11 Peterson, John L.
Kedesh (PLACE) 1-2 + 4:11 Arav, Rami
Kedesh (PLACE) 3 + 4:11-12 Peterson, John L.
Kedron (PLACE) 4:12 Herion, Gary A.
Kefar Bir‘am (M.R. 189272) + 4:12 Meyers, Eric M.
Kefar Gil‘adi (M.R. 203294) + 4:12-13 Kaplan, Jacob
Kehelathah (PLACE) + 4:13 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Keilah (PLACE) 4:13-14 DeVries, LaMoine F.
Keisan, Tell (M.R. 164253) +
,4:14-16 Humbert, Jean-Baptiste
Kelaiah (PERSON) 4:16 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Kelita (PERSON) 4:16 Brensinger, Terry L.
Kemuel (PERSON) 1-3 4:16 Panitz, Raphael I.
Kenan (PERSON) + 4:16 Hess, Richard S.
Kenath (PLACE) + 4:16-17 Mattingly, Gerald L.; Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Kenaz (PERSON) 1-3 + 4:17 Kuntz, J. Kenneth
Kenites + 4:17-22 Halpern, Baruch
Kenizzite. See Kenaz (PERSON)
Kerak (M.R. 217066) + 4:22-24 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Keren-Happuch (PERSON) 4:24 Holbert, John C.
Kerioth (PLACE) 4:24 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Kerioth-Hezron (PLACE) + 4:24 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Kermes Insect. See Zoology
Keros (PERSON) 4:24 McGehee, Michael David
Kerygma Petrou. See Peter, Preaching of
Ketab (PERSON) 4:24 McGehee, Michael David
Kethib and Qere. See also Masoretic Text + 4:24-30 Morrow, William S.
Kethubim 4:31
Keturah (PERSON) + 4:31 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Keys of the Kingdom + 4:31 Collins, Raymond F.
Keziah (PERSON) + 4:31-32 Holbert, John C.
Khafaje + 4:32-33 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Khalil, Ramat el-. See Ramat el-Khalil (M.R. 160107)
Kheleifeh, Tell el-. (M.R. 147884) + 4:33-34 Pratico, Gary D.
Khirbet 4:34
Khirbet Kerak Ware + 4:34-35 Pfann, Stephen J.
Khorsabad + 4:35 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Kibroth-Hattaavah (PLACE) + 4:36 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Kibzaim (PLACE) + 4:36-37 Peterson, John L.
Kid. See Zoology
Kidron, Brook of + 4:37-38 Mare, W. Harold
Kilan (PERSON) 4:38 McGehee, Michael David
Kiln + 4:38-39 Wood, Bryant G.
Kinah (PLACE) + 4:39-40 Liwak, Rüdiger
King and Kingship + 4:40-48 Whitelam, Keith W.
King James Version. See Versions, English
King’s Garden (PLACE) + 4:48 Mare, W. Harold
King’s Highway (PLACE) + 4:48-49 Carroll, Scott T.
ABD Article Index
59
King’s Pool (PLACE) + 4:49 Mare, W. Harold
King’s Valley (PLACE). See Shaveh, Valley of; Kidron, Brook of
Kingdom of God, Kingdom of Heaven + 4:49-69 Duling, Dennis C.
Kingdoms, Books of 4:69
Kingfisher. See Zoology
Kings, Book of 1-2 + 4:69-83 Holloway, Steven W.
Kingship, Sacral. See Sacral Kingship
Kinship. See Family
Kir (PLACE) 1 4:83 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Kir (PLACE) 2 + 4:83-84 Thompson, Henry O.
Kir-Hareseth (PLACE) 4:84 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Kiriath-Arba (PLACE) + 4:84 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Kiriath-Baal (PLACE). See Kiriath-Jearim
Kiriath-Huzoth (PLACE) 4:84 Brensinger, Terry L.
Kiriath-Jearim (PLACE) + 4:84-85 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Kiriath-Sannah (PLACE) + 4:85 Herion, Gary A.
Kiriath-Sepher (PLACE) 4:85 Kotter, Wade R.
Kiriathaim (PLACE) 1-2 4:85 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Kiriatharim (PLACE). See Kiriath-Jearim
Kish (PERSON) 1-5 + 4:85-87 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Kish (PLACE) + 4:87-88 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Kishi (PERSON). See Kushaiah (PERSON)
Kishion (PLACE) + 4:88-89 Peterson, John L.
Kishon (PLACE) + 4:89 Frankel, Rafael
Kiss (NT) + 4:89-92 Klassen, William
Kite. See Zoology (Fauna)
Kitron (PLACE) + 4:93 Hunt, Melvin
Kittim + 4:93 Baker, David W.
Knowledge, Interpretation of (NHC XI,1) + 4:93-95 Turner, John D.
Knowledge, Tree of. See Tree of Knowledge and Tree of Life
Koa + 4:95 Allen, Leslie C.
Kohath (PERSON) + 4:95-97 Propp, William H.
Kola (PLACE) 4:97 White, Sidnie Ann
Kolaiah (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:97 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Kom, Khirbet el- (M.R. 146104): 4:97-100
Archaeology + 4:97-99 Holladay, John S., Jr.
Ostraca + 4:99-100 Geraty, Lawrence T.
Kona (PLACE) + 4:100 White, Sidnie Ann
Korah (PERSON) 1-3 + 4:100-101 Hutton, Rodney R.
Kore (PERSON) 1-2 4:102 Barnes, William Hamilton
Kosher. See Meal Customs (Jewish Dietary Laws)
Koz (PERSON) 4:102 Lo, Hing Choi
Kue (PLACE) + 4:102-103 Avalos, Hector
Kuntillet ‘Ajrud (M.R. 094954) + 4:103-109 Meshel, Ze’ev
Kush (PLACE) + 4:109-111 Redford, Donald B.
Kushaiah (PERSON) 4:111 Willett, Tom Wayne
L. See Synoptic Problem
Laadah (PERSON) 4:113 Smith, David Channing
Laban (PERSON) + 4:113-114 Mariottini, Claude F.
Laban (PLACE) + 4:114 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Laccunus (PERSON) 4:114 Han, Jin Hee
Lace. See Dress and Ornamentation
Lacedaemonians 4:114 Carroll, Scott T.
Lachish (PLACE) + 4:114-126 Ussishkin, David
Lachish Letters + 4:126-128 Di Vito, Robert A.
Ladan (PERSON) 1-2 4:128 Davis, M. Stephen
Ladder of Tyre (PLACE) 4:128 Smith, Robert Wayne
Lady, Elect. See Elect Lady
Lael (PERSON) 4:128 Weis, Richard D.
Lagash + 4:128-129 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
ABD Article Index
60
Lahad (PERSON) 4:129
Lahav (PLACE). See Halif, Tel
Lahmam (PLACE) 4:129-130 Kotter, Wade R.
Lahmi (PERSON) 4:130 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Laish (PERSON) 4:130 Dempster, Stephen G.
Laish (PLACE) + 4:130-131 Manor, Dale W.
Laishah (PLACE) + 4:131 Liwak, Rüdiger
Lakkum (PLACE) + 4:131 Williams, David Salter
Lamb + 4:132-134 Miles, John R.
Lambda 4:135
Lame, Lameness + 4:135-136 Jones, Richard N.
Lamech (PERSON) + 4:136-137 Hess, Richard S.
Lamed 4:137
Lamentations, Book of + 4:137-141 Hillers, Delbert R.
Lampstand + 4:141-143 Meyers, Carol
Lance. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Land + 4:143-154 Janzen, Waldemar
Land Laws. See Law, Biblical and ANE; Family
Languages: 4:155-229
Introductory Survey + 4:155-170 Huehnergard, John
Akkadian + 4:170-173 Caplice, Richard I.
Aramaic + 4:173-178 Kaufman, Stephen A.
Byblos Syllabic Inscriptions + 4:178-180 Mendenhall, George E.
Coptic + 4:180-188 Emmel, Stephen
Egyptian Language and Writing + 4:188-193 Allen, James P.
Ethiopic + 4:193-195 Perkins, Harry Lee
Greek + 4:195-203 Mussies, Gerard
Hebrew + 4:203-214 Schramm, Gene M.
Hittite + 4:214-216 Beckman, Gary
Hurrian + 4:216-217 Huehnergard, John
Languages of Ancient Iran + 4:217-220 Windfuhr, Gernot L.
Latin + 4:220-222 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Phoenician + 4:222-223 Krahmalkov, Charles R.
Pre-Islamic South Arabian + 4:223-226 Beeston, A. F. L.
Ugaritic + 4:226-229 Healey, John F. ; Craigie, Peter C.
Laodicea (PLACE) + 4:229-231 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Laodiceans, Epistle to the + 4:231-233 Anderson, Charles P.
Lappidoth (PERSON) 4:233 Lowery, Kirk E.
Larsa + 4:233-234 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Lasea (PLACE) + 4:234 Wineland, John D.
Lasha (PLACE) + 4:234 Oller, Gary H.
Lasharon (PLACE) 4:234 Hunt, Melvin
Last Supper + 4:234-241 O’Toole, Robert F.
Lasthenes (PERSON) + 4:241 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Latin Language. See Languages (Latin)
Latin Versions. See Versions, Ancient (Latin)
Laver + 4:241-242 Meyers, Carol
Law : 4:242-265
Biblical and ANE Law + 4:242-252 Greengus, Samuel
Forms of Biblical Law + 4:252-254 Sonsino, Rifat
Law in Judaism of the NT Period + 4:254-265 Sanders, E. P.
Law, Tablets of the. See Tablets of the Law
Laying on of Hands. See Hands, Laying on of
Lazarus (PERSON) + 4:265-266 Collins, Raymond F.
Lazarus and Dives + 4:266-267 Hock, Ronald F.
Leah (PERSON) + 4:268 Yee, Gale A.
Leather. See Dress and Ornamentation
Leaven. See Meal Customs (Jewish Dietary Laws)
Lebana (PERSON) 4:268 Swanson, Steven R.
Lebanon + 4:269-270 Smith, Robert Houston
ABD Article Index
61
Lebanon, House of. See Temple, Jerusalem
Lebaoth (PLACE). See Beth-Labaoth (PLACE)
Lebbaeus (PERSON). See Thaddeus (PERSON)
Lebonah (PLACE) 4:270 Dyck, Elmer H.
Lecah (PLACE) 4:270 Dyck, Elmer H.
Lectionary: 4:270-273
Early Jewish Lectionaries + 4:270-271 Aageson, James W.
Early Christian Lectionaries + 4:271-273 Junack, Klaus; Thomas, Ronald B., Jr. (trans.)
Leeks. See Flora
Left, Left Hand + 4:273-274 Drinkard, Joel F., Jr.
Legate. See Palestine, Administration of (Roman)
Legion. See Roman Army
Lehabim 4:274 Baker, David W.
Lehem (PLACE) 4:274 Fanwar, Wann Marbud
Lehi (PLACE) + 4:274-275 Lubetski, Meir
Lehun (M.R. 231097) + 4:275-276 Homès-Fredericq, Denyse
Lejjūn (M.R. 228072) + 4:276-277 Parker, S. Thomas
Lemuel (PERSON) + 4:277 Berry, Donald
,K.
Lend. See Interest and Usury in the Greco-Roman Period
Leopard. See Zoology
Leprosy + 4:277-282 Wright, David P.; Jones, Richard N.
Lesbos (PLACE). See Mitylene (PLACE)
Leshem (PLACE) 4:282 Manor, Dale W.
Lethech. See Weights and Measures
Letters: 4:282-293
Hebrew Letters + 4:282-285 Pardee, D.
Aramaic Letters + 4:285-290 Dion, Paul E.
Greek and Latin Letters + 4:290-293 Stanley K. Stowers
Letushim + 4:293 Matthews, Victor H.
Leucius (PERSON). See John, Acts of
Leummim + 4:293-294 Matthews, Victor H.
Levi (PERSON) 1 + 4:294 Spencer, John R.
Levi (PERSON) 2-4 + 4:294-295 Porter, Stanley E.
Leviathan + 4:295-296 Day, John
Levirate Law + 4:296-297 Kalmin, Richard
Levites and Priests + 4:297-310 Rehm, Merlin D.
Levitical Cities + 4:310-311 Spencer, John R.
Leviticus, Book of + 4:311-321 Levine, Baruch A.
Lex Talionis + 4:321-322 Huffmon, Herbert B.
Liber de Infantia. See Matthew, Gospel of Pseudo-
Libnah (PLACE) + 4:322-323 Peterson, John L.
Libni (PERSON) 1-3 + 4:323-324 Propp, William H.
Libya (PLACE) 4:324 Heard, Warren J., Jr.
Lice. See Zoology
Licentiousness. See Virtue/Vice Lists
Life, Author of. See Author of Life
Life, Tree of. See Tree of Knowledge and Tree of Life
Likhi (PERSON) 4:324 Graham, M. Patrick
Lilith (DEITY) + 4:324-325 Handy, Lowell K.
Lily. See Flora
Lily-Work. See Capital
Limes, Roman (In Palestine) + 4:325-327 Gichon, Mordechai
Linear B. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Linen. See Dress and Ornamentation; Flora
Linguistics and Biblical Studies + 4:327-333 Bodine, Walter R.
Linus (PERSON) + 4:333 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Lion. See Zoology
Literacy: 4:333-340
Ancient Near East + 4:333-337 Baines, John
Ancient Israel + 4:337-340 Millard, Alan Ralph
ABD Article Index
62
Literature. See Egyptian Literature; Hittite Texts and Literature; Literature, Early Christian; Sumerian Literature; and Ugarit (Texts and Literature)
Literature, Early Christian + 4:340-345 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Little Apocalypse in the Gospels. See Gospels, Little Apocalypse in the
Liturgy, Angelic (4QShirShabb). See Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice
Lives of the Prophets. See Prophets, Lives of the
Living Creatures. See Zoology
Lizard. See Zoology
LMLK Jar Handles. See Stamps, Royal Jar Handle
Lo-Ammi (PERSON). See Not My People (PERSON)
Lo-Debar (PLACE) + 4:345-346 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Lo-Ruhamah (PERSON). See Not Pitied (PERSON)
Loan. See Interest and Usury in the Greco-Roman Period
Locust. See Zoology
Lod (PLACE) A: Historical Sources 4:346-347 Hunt, Melvin
Lod (PLACE) B + 4:347 Kaplan, Jacob
Log. See Weights and Measures
Logia + 4:347-348 Patterson, Stephen J.
Logos + 4:348-356 Tobin, Thomas H.
Lois (PERSON) + 4:356 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Loops 4:356 Meyers, Carol
Loosing. See Binding and Loosing
Lord. See Names of God (OT); Yahweh (DEITY)
Lord’s Prayer + 4:356-362 Houlden, J. L.
Lord’s Supper. See also Last Supper + 4:362-372 Klauck, Hans-Josef; Ewert, David (trans.)
Lord, Day of the. See Day of the Lord
Lost Tribes, The + 4:372 Charlesworth, James H.
Lot (PERSON) + 4:372-374 Spina, Frank Anthony
Lotan (PERSON) + 4:374-375 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Lothasubus (PERSON) 4:375 McGehee, Michael David
Lotus. See Flora, Biblical
Love: 4:375-396
Old Testament + 4:375-381 Sakenfeld, Katherine Doob
NT and Early Jewish Literature + 4:381-396 Klassen, William
Lower Criticism. See Textual Criticism
Lozon (PERSON). See Darkon (PERSON)
Lubim. See Lehabim; Libya (PLACE)
Lucius (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:396-397 Gillman, John L.
Lud (PERSON) + 4:397 Baker, David W.
Luhith (PLACE) 4:397 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Luke (PERSON): 4:397-403
Luke as Historian + 4:398-402 Plümacher, Eckhard; Martin, Dennis (trans.)
Luke as Theologian + 4:402-403 Marshall, I. Howard
Luke-Acts, Book of + 4:403-420 Johnson, Luke Timothy
Luminaries, Words of the. See Words of the Luminaries (4QDibHam)
Lunatic. See Sickness and Disease; Demons
Lute. See Music and Musical Instruments
Luwian Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Luz (PLACE) 1-2 + 4:420 Toews, Wesley Irwin
LXX. See Septuagint
Lycaonia (PLACE) + 4:420-422 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Lycia (PLACE) 4:422 Carroll, Scott T.
Lycian Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Lydia (PERSON) + 4:422-423 Witherington, Ben, III
Lydia (PLACE) + 4:423-425 McLauchlin, Barbara Kelley
Lyre. See Music and Musical Instruments
Lysanias (PERSON) 1-2 4:425 Carroll, Scott T.
Lysias (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:425-426 Redditt, Paul L.
Lysimachus (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:426 Hardwick, Michael E.
Lystra (PLACE) + 4:426-427 Potter, David S.
M. See Synoptic Problem; Matthew, Gospel of
ABD Article Index
63
Ma‘in (PLACE). See Meunim
Maacah (PERSON) 1-9 4:429-430 Schearing, Linda S.
Maacah (PLACE) 4:430 Schley, Donald G.
Maadai (PERSON) 4:430 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Maadiah (PERSON) 4:430-431 Barnes, William Hamilton
Maai (PERSON) 4:431 Williams, Nora A.
Maarath (PLACE) 4:431 Kotter, Wade R.
Maasai (PERSON) 4:431 Hutton, Rodney R.
Maaseiah (PERSON) 1-21 4:431-432 McKenzie, Steven L.
Maasmas (PERSON) 4:432 Han, Jin Hee
Maath (PERSON) + 4:432-433 Porter, Stanley E.
Maaz (PERSON) + 4:433 Steeger, William P.
Maaziah (PERSON) 4:433 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Maccabean Revolt + 4:433-439 Rappaport, Uriel
Maccabee. See Maccabeus 4:439
Maccabees, Books of: 4:439-454
First and Second Maccabees + 4:439-450 Fischer, Thomas; Cryer, Frederick (trans.)
Third Maccabees + 4:450-452 Anderson, Hugh
Fourth Maccabees + 4:452-454 Anderson, Hugh
Maccabeus 4:454 Rappaport, Uriel; Redditt, Paul L.
Macedonia (PLACE) + 4:454-457 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Machaerus (M.R. 209108) + 4:457-458 Loffreda, Stanislao
Machbannai (PERSON) + 4:458 Dillard, Raymond B.
Machbenah (PLACE) 4:458 Williams, David Salter
Machi (PERSON) 4:458 Brensinger, Terry L.
Machir (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:458-460 Graham, M. Patrick
Machnadebai (PERSON) 4:460 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Machpelah (PLACE) + 4:460-461 DeVries, LaMoine F.
Macron (PERSON) + 4:461-462 Kampen, John
Madaba (PLACE). See Medeba (PLACE)
Madai (PERSON) + 4:462 Baker, David W.
Mada’in Salih. See Hegra
Madmannah (PLACE) 4:462 Brodsky, Harold
Madmen (PLACE) 4:462-463 Bracke, John M.
Madmenah (PLACE) 4:463 Herion, Gary A.
Madness. See Demons; Sickness and Disease 4:463
Madon (PLACE) 4:463 Benjamin, Paul
Magadan (PLACE) + 4:463 Heard, Warren J., Jr.
Magbish (PERSON) 4:463 Herion, Gary A.
Magdala (M.R. 198247) 4:463-464 Strange, James F.
Magdalene. See Mary (PERSON); Magdala (PLACE) 4:464
Magdiel (PERSON) 4:464 Hübner, Ulrich
Maggot. See Zoology
Magi. See Infancy Narratives in the NT Gospels
Magic: 4:464-471
Ancient Near East + 4:464-468 Scurlock, J. A.
Old Testament + 4:468-471 Kuemmerlin-McLean, Joanne K.
Magistrate. See City Authorities
Magog (PERSON) + 4:471 Baker, David W.
Magpiash (PERSON) + 4:471 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Magus, Simon. See Simon (PERSON), 13 4:471
Mahalab (PLACE) + 4:471-472 Frankel, Rafael
Mahalalel (PERSON) 4:472 Hess, Richard S.
Mahalath (PERSON) 4:472 Schearing, Linda S.
Mahanaim (PLACE) + 4:472-473 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Mahaneh-Dan (PLACE) + 4:473-474 Irwin, Brian P.
Maharai (PERSON) 4:474 Duke, Rodney K.
Mahath (PERSON) 4:474 Porter, Stanley E.
Mahavite, The 4:474 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Mahazioth (PERSON) 4:474 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
ABD Article Index
64
Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz (PERSON) 4:475 Jensen, Joseph
Mahlah (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:475-476 Graham, M. Patrick
Mahli (PERSON) 1-2 4:476 Shearer, Rodney H.
Mahlon (PERSON) + 4:476-477 Mathews, Kenneth A.
Mahol (PERSON) + 4:477 Berry, Donald K.
Mahseiah (PERSON) 4:477 Bracke, John M.
Mail, Coat of. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Makaz (PLACE) 4:477 Herion, Gary A.
Maked (PLACE) + 4:477 Redditt, Paul L.
Makheloth (PLACE) + 4:478 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Makkedah
,(PLACE) + 4:478 Kotter, Wade R.
Malachi, Book of + 4:478-485 Hill, Andrew E.
Malcam (PERSON) + 4:485 Harmon, G. Edwin
Malchiah (PERSON). See Malchijah
Malchiel (PERSON) + 4:485-486 Mariottini, Claude F.
Malchijah (PERSON) 1-13 + 4:486 Berridge, John M.
Malchiram (PERSON) 4:486 Fuller, Russell
Malchishua (PERSON) + 4:486-487 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Malchus (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:487 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Malhata, Tel (M.R. 152069) + 4:487-488 Kochavi, Moshe
Mallothi (PERSON) 4:488 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Mallow. See Flora, Biblical
Malluch (PERSON) 1-6 + 4:488 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Malluchi (PERSON) 4:488 Barnes, William Hamilton
Mallus (PLACE) + 4:489 Hardwick, Michael E.
Malta (PLACE) + 4:489-490 Gasque, W. Ward
Mamdai (PERSON) 4:490
Mammon 4:490 Wilcox, Max
Mampsis (M.R. 156048) + 4:490-492 Negev, Avraham
Mamre (PERSON-PLACE) + 4:492-493 Arbeitman, Yoël L.
Manaen (PERSON) + 4:493 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Manahath (PERSON) + 4:493 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Manahath (PLACE) + 4:493-494 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Manahathites + 4:494 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Manasseh (PERSON) 1-5 + 4:494 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Manasseh (PLACE) + 4:494-496 de Geus, C. H. J.
Manasseh, King of Judah + 4:496-499 Evans, Carl D.
Manasseh, Prayer of + 4:499-500 Charlesworth, James H.
Mandaeism + 4:500-502 Rudolph, Kurt
Mandrakes. See Perfumes and Spices; Flora, Biblical
Mani (PERSON). See Bani 4:502
Manichaeans and Manichaeism + 4:502-511 Mirecki, Paul Allan
Manius, Titus (PERSON) 4:511 Lillie, Betty Jane
Manna + 4:511 Slayton, Joel C.
Manneans. See Minni (PLACE)
Manoah (PERSON) + 4:511-512 Exum, J. Cheryl
Mantelet. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Mantle. See Dress and Ornamentation
Manual of Discipline. See Community, Rule of the (1QS)
Maoch (PERSON) 4:512 Viviano, Pauline A.
Maon (PERSON) 4:512 Evans, Craig A.
Maon (PLACE) 1-2 + 4:512-513 DeVries, LaMoine F.
Mara (PERSON) 4:513 Mathews, Kenneth A.
Marah (PLACE) + 4:513 Thompson, Henry O.
Maranatha 4:514 Wilcox, Max
Marcheshvan. See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 4:514
Marcion + 4:514-516 Clabeaux, John J.
Marcion, Gospel of + 4:516-520 Grant, Robert M.
Marcionite Prologues to Paul + 4:520-521 Clabeaux, John J.
Marcus Aurelius (EMPEROR) + 4:521-522 Whitehorne, John
ABD Article Index
65
Marduk (DEITY) + 4:522-523 Handy, Lowell K.
Mareal (PLACE) 4:523 Greenberg, Raphael
Mareshah (PERSON) 1-2 4:523 Smith, David Channing
Mareshah (PLACE) + 4:523-525 Kloner, Amos
Mari: 4:525-538
Archaeology 4:525-529 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Texts 4:529-536 Durand, Jean-Marie; Davis, Jennifer L. (trans.)
Bibliography 4:536-538 Keck, Brian E.
Mariamme (PERSON) 1-6 4:538-539 Sullivan, Richard D.
Mariamme (PLACE) 1-2 4:539-540 Sullivan, Richard D.
Marisa (PLACE). See Mareshah (PLACE)
Marjamah, Khirbet el- (M.R. 181155) + 4:540-541 Mazar, Amihay ; Zohar, Mattanyah
Mark Antony (PERSON) 4:541 Marshall, Bruce A.
Mark, Gospel of + 4:541-557 Achtemeier, Paul J.
Mark, John (PERSON) + 4:557-558 Jefford, Clayton N.
Mark, Secret Gospel of + 4:558-559 Meyer, Marvin W.
Marketplace. See Trade and Commerce (ANE)
Maroth (PLACE) 4:559 Luker, Lamontte M.
Marriage: 4:559-572
Old Testament and Ancient Near East + 4:559-569 Hamilton, Victor P.
New Testament + 4:569-572 Collins, Raymond F.
Marriage, Sacred. See Sacred Marriage
Marsanes (NHC X,1) + 4:572-573 Pearson, Birger A.
Marsena (PERSON) + 4:573 Bush, Frederic W.
Marsh. See Geography and the Bible (Palestine)
Martha (PERSON) + 4:573-574 Collins, Raymond F.
Martyr, Martyrdom + 4:574-579 Tabor, James D.
Mary (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:579-581 Collins, Raymond F.
Mary (PERSON) 3 + 4:581-582 Collins, Raymond F.
Mary (PERSON) 4-6 + 4:582 Witherington, Ben, III
Mary (PERSON) 7 4:582-583 Lampe, Peter
Mary, Birth of + 4:583 Corley, Kathleen E.
Mary, Descent of. See Mary, Birth of
Mary, Gospel of + 4:583-584 Perkins, Pheme
Mary, Gospel of the Birth of 4:584 Corley, Kathleen E.
Mary, Mother of Jesus + 4:584-586 Pazdan, Mary Margaret
Masada (M.R. 183080) + 4:586-587 Netzer, Ehud
Mash (PERSON) + 4:587-588 Baker, David W.
Mashal (PLACE). See Mishal
Masiah (PERSON) + 4:588 Bowman, Craig D.
Maskhuta, Tell el- (30º33' N; 32º06'E) + 4:588-592 Holladay, John S., Jr.
Masorah + 4:592-593 Revell, E. J.
Masoretes + 4:593-594 Revell, E. J.
Masoretic Accents + 4:594-596 Revell, E. J.
Masoretic Studies + 4:596-597 Revell, E. J.
Masoretic Text + 4:597-599 Revell, E. J.
Masrekah (PLACE) + 4:600 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Massa (PERSON) + 4:600 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Massa (PLACE) + 4:600
Massah and Meribah (PLACES) + 4:600-602 Propp, William H.
Massebah + 4:602 Manor, Dale W.
Mathematics, Algebra, and Geometry + 4:602-612 Høyrup, Jens
Matred (PERSON) + 4:612 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Matred, Ramat. See Ramat Matred (M.R. 118020)
Matrites (PEOPLE) + 4:613 Reed, Stephen A.
Mattan (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:613 Porter, Stanley E.
Mattanah (PLACE) + 4:613 Ferch, Arthur J.
Mattaniah (PERSON) 1-10 + 4:613-615 Hobbs, T. R.
Mattatha (PERSON) + 4:615 Porter, Stanley E.
Mattathiah (PERSON) 4:615 Kutsko, John F.
ABD Article Index
66
Mattathias (PERSON) 1-3 4:615-616 Rappaport, Uriel
Mattathias (PERSON) 4-5 + 4:616 Porter, Stanley E.
Mattattah (PERSON) 4:616 Porter, Stanley E.
Mattenai (PERSON) + 4:616 Porter, Stanley E.
Matthan (PERSON) + 4:616-617 Porter, Stanley E.
Matthat (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:617-618 Porter, Stanley E.
Matthew (Disciple) + 4:618-622 Duling, Dennis C.
Matthew, Gospel of + 4:622-641 Meier, John P.
Matthew, Gospel of Psuedo- + 4:641-642 Newport, Kenneth G. C.
Matthew, Hebrew Version of + 4:642-643 Howard, George E.
Matthew, Martyrdom of + 4:643-644 Newport, Kenneth G. C.
Matthias (PERSON) + 4:644 Martin, Thomas W.
Matthias, Acts of. See Andrew and Matthias, Acts of
Matthias, Traditions of 4:644 Daniels, Jon B.
Mattithiah (PERSON) + 4:645 Brensinger, Terry L.
Maul. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Mayor. See Palestine, Administration of (Postexlic Judean Officials)
Mazar, Tell el- (M.R. 207181) + 4:645-646 Yassine, Khair N.
Mazor, the Mausoleum (M.R. 145161) + 4:646-648 Kaplan, Jacob
Me-Jarkon (PLACE) + 4:648 Mullins, Robert A.
Meal Customs: 4:648-655
Jewish Dietary Laws + 4:648-650 Schramm, Gene M.
Greco-Roman Meal Customs + 4:650-653 Smith, Dennis E.
Greco-Roman Sacred Meals + 4:653-655 Smith, Dennis E.
Mearah (PLACE) 4:655 Roth, Ray Lee
Measure, Measurement. See Weights and Measures
Meat. See Meal Customs (Jewish Dietary Laws); Zoology
Mebunnai (PERSON) + 4:655 Thompson, David L.
Mecherathite 4:655 Duke, Rodney K.
Meconah (PLACE) 4:655-656 Kotter, Wade R.
Medad (PERSON) 4:656 Weis, Richard D.
Medan (PERSON) + 4:656 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Medeba (PLACE) + 4:656-658 Piccirillo, Michele
Media (PLACE) 4:658-659 Young, T. Cuyler, Jr.
Medicine and Healing + 4:659-664 Kee, Howard Clark
Mediterranean Sea + 4:664-666 Lubetski, Meir
Medium. See Magic
Megadim, Tel (M.R. 145236) + 4:666 Broshi, Magen
Megiddo (PLACE) + 4:666-679 Ussishkin, David
Megiddo, Plain of (PLACE) + 4:679-680 Hunt, Melvin
Megiddo, Waters of (PLACE) + 4:680 Hunt, Melvin
Megilloth 4:680 Clem, H. Eldon
Mehetabel (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:680 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Mehida (PERSON) 4:680-681 Swanson, Steven R.
Mehir (PERSON) 4:681 Lo, Hing Choi
Meholathite 4:681 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Mehri Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Mehujael (PERSON) + 4:681 Hess, Richard S.
Mehuman (PERSON) + 4:681-682 Wiebe, John M.
Meinim. See Meunim 4:682
Meiron (M.R. 191265) + 4:682-683 Meyers, Eric M.
Melatiah (PERSON) 4:683 Ruffin, Michael L.
Melchi (PERSON) + 4:684 Porter, Stanley E.
Melchias (PERSON). See Malchijah (PERSON) 4:684
Melchiel (PERSON) 4:684 White, Sidnie Ann
Melchizedek (PERSON) + 4:684-686 Astour, Michael C.
Melchizedek (11QMelch) + 4:687-688 Brooke, George J.
Melchizedek (NHC
,IX,1) + 4:688 Pearson, Birger A.
Melea (PERSON) + 4:688-689 Porter, Stanley E.
Melech (PERSON) + 4:689 Brettler, Marc Zvi
ABD Article Index
67
Melons. See Flora
Mem 4:689
Memmius, Quintus (PERSON) 4:689 Lillie, Betty Jane
Memphis (PLACE) + 4:689-691 Redford, Donald B.
Memphite Theology + 4:691-692 Miosi, Frank T.
Memucan (PERSON) + 4:692 Wiebe, John M.
Menahem (PERSON) + 4:692-693 Hobbs, T. R.
Menander, Syriac. See Syriac Menander
Menelaus (PERSON) + 4:694 Rappaport, Uriel
Menestheus (PERSON) + 4:694-695 Hardwick, Michael E.
Meni (DEITY) + 4:695 Maier, Walter Arthur, III
Menna (PERSON) + 4:695 Porter, Stanley E.
Menorah. See Lampstand
Menuhoth + 4:695-696 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Meonothai (PERSON) 4:696 Lo, Hing Choi
Mephaath (PLACE) + 4:696 Peterson, John L.; Piccirillo, Michele
Mephibosheth (PERSON) + 4:696-697 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Merab (PERSON) 4:697 Schearing, Linda S.
Meraiah (PERSON) 4:697 Williams, Nora A.
Meraioth (PERSON) 1-3 + 4:697 Willett, Tom Wayne
Merari (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:697-698 Propp, William H.
Merarites + 4:698-699 Reed, Stephen A.
Merathaim (PLACE) + 4:699 Arnold, Bill T.
Mercenary. See Military Organization in Mesopotamia
Merchant. See Trade and Commerce
Mercy. See Love
Mered (PERSON) 4:699 Lo, Hing Choi
Meremoth (PERSON) 1-3 + 4:699-700 Shearer, Rodney H.
Merenptah (PERSON) + 4:700-701 Redford, Donald B.
Meres (PERSON) + 4:701 Bush, Frederic W.
Merib-Baal (PERSON) + 4:701-702 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Meribah (PLACE) + 4:702-704 Propp, William H.
Meribath-Kadesh (PLACE) 4:704 Herion, Gary A.
Merkabah Mysticism. See Enoch, Third Book of; Job, Testament of
Merneptah (PERSON). See Merenptah (PERSON)
Merodach (DEITY). See Marduk (DEITY)
Merodach-Baladan (PERSON) + 4:704-705 Sack, Ronald H.
Meroitic Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Merom, Waters of (PLACE) + 4:705 Liid, Dale C.
Meronothite 4:705 Nysse, Richard W.
Meroz (PLACE) + 4:705-706 Hunt, Melvin
Merran (PLACE) 4:706 Schmitt, John J.
Mesad Hashavyahu (M.R. 120146) + 4:706 Stern, Ephraim
Mesaloth (PLACE) + 4:706-707 Hardwick, Michael E.
Mesha (PERSON) 1 4:707 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Mesha (PERSON) 2 4:707 Harmon, G. Edwin
Mesha (PLACE) 4:708 Oller, Gary H.
Mesha Stele 4:708-709 Dearman, J. Andrew; Mattingly, Gerald L.
Meshach (PERSON). See Shadrach, Meshach, Abednego
Meshash, Khirbet el- (M.R. 146069) 4:709-710 Fritz, Volkmar
Meshech (PERSON) + 4:711 Baker, David W.
Meshelemiah (PERSON) + 4:711-712 Barnes, William Hamilton
Meshezabel (PERSON) 1-3 4:712 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Meshillemoth (PERSON) 1-2 4:712 Hutton, Rodney R.
Meshobab (PERSON) 4:712 Evans, Craig A.
Meshullam (PERSON) 1-19 4:712-714 Kennedy, James M.
Meshullemeth (PERSON) + 4:714 Schearing, Linda S.
Mesopotamia (PLACE) 4:714 Grayson, A. Kirk
Mesopotamia, History of: 4:714-777
Mesopotamian Chronology + 4:714-720 Knapp, A. Bernard
ABD Article Index
68
Prehistory of Mesopotamia + 4:720-724 Wright, Henry T.
Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium B.C. + 4:724-732 Steinkeller, Piotr
History and Culture of Assyria + 4:732-755 Grayson, A. Kirk
History and Culture of Babylonia + 4:755-777 Grayson, A. Kirk
Messenger. See Travel and Communication
Messiah + 4:777-788 de Jonge, Marinus
Messianic Banquet + 4:788-791 Smith, Dennis E.
Messianic Movements in Judaism + 4:791-797 Horsley, Richard A.
Messianic Secret + 4:797-800 Tuckett, C. M.
Methegh-Ammah 4:800 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Methuselah (PERSON) + 4:800-801 Hess, Richard S.
Methushael (PERSON) + 4:801 Hess, Richard S.
Meunim + 4:801-802 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Mevorakh, Tell (M.R. 143215) 4:802-804 Stern, Ephraim
Mezahab (PERSON) + 4:804-805 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Mezobaite 4:805 Duke, Rodney K.
Mibhar (PERSON) 4:805 Pisano, Stephen
Mibsam (PERSON) + 4:805 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Mibzar (PERSON) 4:805-806 Hübner, Ulrich
Mica (PERSON) 1-3 + 4:806 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Micah (PERSON) 1-9 + 4:806-807 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Micah, Book of + 4:807-810 Hillers, Delbert R.
Micaiah (PERSON) 1-5 + 4:810 Schearing, Linda S.
Micaiah (PERSON) 6-7 + 4:810-811 Fretz, Mark J.
Michael (ANGEL) + 4:811 Watson, Duane F.
Michael (PERSON) 1-10 4:811-812 Wright, John W.
Michal (PERSON) + 4:812-813 Schearing, Linda S.
Michal, Tel (M.R. 131174) + 4:813-814 Herzog, Ze’ev
Michmash (PLACE) + 4:814-815 Arnold, Patrick M.
Michmethath (PLACE) 4:815 Dyck, Elmer H.
Michri (PERSON) 4:815 Barnes, William Hamilton
Middin (PLACE) + 4:815 Kotter, Wade R.
Midian (PERSON) + 4:815-818 Mendenhall, George E.
Midrash + 4:818-822 Porton, Gary G.
Migdal-el (PLACE) + 4:822 Williams, David Salter
Migdal-Gad (PLACE) 4:822 Kotter, Wade R.
Migdol (PLACE) 4:822 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Mighty Men. See David’s Champions
Mighty One. See Names of God in the OT
Migron (PLACE) + 4:822-823 Arnold, Patrick M.
Mijamin (PERSON) 1-4 4:823-824 Brensinger, Terry L.
Mikloth (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:824 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Mikneiah (PERSON) 4:824 Dillard, Raymond B.
Milalai (PERSON) 4:824 Williams, Nora A.
Milcah (PERSON) + 4:824-825 Hess, Richard S.
Milcom (DEITY). See Molech (DEITY)
Mildew. See Leprosy
Mile. See Weights and Measures
Milestones. See Roads and Highways
Miletus (PLACE) + 4:825-826 McRay, John
Milh, Tell el. See Malhata, Tel
Military Organization in Mesopotamia + 4:826-831 Malbran-Labat, F.; Davis, Jennifer L. (trans.)
Milk. See Zoology
Mill, Millstone + 4:831-832 van der Toorn, Karel
Millennium + 4:832-834 Ford, J. Massyngbaerde
Millo (PLACE) + 4:834-835 Mare, W. Harold
Minaean Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Minah. See Coinage; Weights and Measures
Miniamin (PERSON) 1-3 4:835 Williams, Nora A.
Minim. See Ebionites
ABD Article Index
69
Ministry in the Early Church + 4:835-842 Schweizer, R. Eduard
Minni (PLACE) + 4:842 Arnold, Bill T.
Minnith (PLACE) + 4:842 Younker, Randall W.
Mint. See Flora
Minucius Felix + 4:842-843 Petersen, William L.
Miqsat Ma‘ase Hatorah (4QMMT) 4:843-845 Qimron, Elisha
Miracle: 4:845-869
Old Testament + 4:845-856 Zakovitch, Yair
New Testament + 4:856-869 Remus, Harold E.
Miriam (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:869-870 Burns, Rita J.
Mirmah (PERSON) 4:870 Harmon, G. Edwin
Mishael (PERSON) + 4:870-871 Brensinger, Terry L.
Mishal (PLACE) 4:871 Baker, David W.
Misham (PERSON) 4:871 Willett, Tom Wayne
Mishma (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:871 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Mishmannah (PERSON). See also Machbannai (PERSON) 4:871 Dillard, Raymond B.
Mishnah + 4:871-873 Brooks, Roger
Mishraites + 4:873 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Mispar (PERSON) 4:873 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Misrephoth-Maim (PLACE) 4:873-874 Benjamin, Paul
Mitanni + 4:874-876 Morrison, Martha A.
Mite. See Coinage
Mithkah (PLACE) + 4:876-877 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Mithnite (PERSON) + 4:877 Duke, Rodney K.
Mithras, Mithraism + 4:877-878 Merkelbach, Reinhold
Mithredath (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:878 Suiter, David E.
Mitre. See Dress and Ornamentation
Mitylene (PLACE) 4:878-879 Wineland, John D.
Mizar (PLACE) + 4:879 Raabe, Paul R.
Mizmor. See Psalms, Book of 4:879
Mizpah (PLACE) 1-5 + 4:879-881 Arnold, Patrick M.
Mizzah (PERSON) 4:881 Hübner, Ulrich
MMŠT + 4:881 Lance, H. Darrell
Mnason (PERSON) + 4:881-882 Paulien, Jon
Moab (PLACE) + 4:882-893 Miller, J. Maxwell
Moab, City of (PLACE) 4:893 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Moabite Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Moabite Stone. See Mesha‘ Stele
Moadiah (PERSON) 4:893 Williams, Nora A.
Mochmur (PLACE) + 4:893-894 White, Sidnie Ann
Modad. See Eldad and Modad
Modein (PLACE) + 4:894-895 Longstaff, Thomas R.W.
Modern Versions of the Bible. See Versions (Modern Era)
Moeth (PERSON). See Noadiah
Moladah (PLACE) 4:895 Kotter, Wade R.
Molding 4:895 Meyers, Carol
Molech (DEITY) + 4:895-898 Heider, George C.
Molid (PERSON) 4:898 Steeger, William P.
Mollusks. See Zoology
Moloch (DEITY). See Molech
Molten Image. See Idol, Idolatry
,Molten Sea. See Temple, Jerusalem
Money. See Coinage
Monkey. See Zoology
Montanus, Montanism + 4:898-902 Heine, Ronald E.
Month. See Calendars
Monuments, Christian (Rome). See Rome, Christian Monuments at
Moossias (PERSON). See Maaseiah
Mordecai (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:902-904 Clines, David J. A.
Moreh (PLACE) + 4:904 Hunt, Melvin
ABD Article Index
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Moresheth (PLACE) 4:904-905 Luker, Lamontte M.
Moriah (PLACE) 1-2 + 4:905 Davila, James R.
Mortar, The (PLACE) 4:905 Herion, Gary A.
Mosaic Covenant + 4:905-909 Guinan, Michael D.
Moserah (PLACE) 4:909 Thompson, Henry O.
Moses (PERSON): 4:909-920
Old Testament + 4:909-918 Beegle, Dewey M.
New Testament + 4:918-920 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Moses, Assumption of. See, Moses Testament of
Moses, Testament of + 4:920-922 Priest, John F.
Most High + 4:922 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Mot (DEITY) + 4:922-924 Lewis, Theodore J.
Moth. See Zoology
Mother. See Family
Mound, Siege. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Mount of Olives (PLACE). See Olives, Mount of
Mount, Sermon on the. See Sermon on the Mount/Plain
Mouse. See Zoology
Moza (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:924-925 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Mozah (PLACE) + 4:925 Mullins, Robert A.
Mu 4:926
Mughayyir, Tell el- (M.R. 238225) + 4:926 Mittmann, Siegfried; Ibrahim, Moawiyah M.
Mulberries. See Flora
Mule. See Zoology
Muppim (PERSON) + 4:926 Mariottini, Claude F.
Murashû, Archive of + 4:927-928 Stolper, Matthew W.
Muratorian Fragment + 4:928-929 Robbins, Gregory Allen
Murex. See Purple; Zoology 4:929
Mushi (PERSON) + 4:930 Viviano, Pauline A.
Music and Musical Instruments:
Music in the Bible + 4:930-934 Matthews, Victor H.
Musical Instruments + 4:934-939 Jones, Ivor H.
Mustard Seed. See Flora
Muster Gate (PLACE) + 4:939 Liid, Dale C.
Mutilation. See Punishments and Crimes
Mycenaean Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Myndos (PLACE) 4:939 Herion, Gary A.
Myra (PLACE) + 4:939-940 Yamauchi, Edwin M.
Myrrh. See Perfumes and Spices; Flora; Incense; and Frankincense
Myrtle. See Flora
Mysia (PLACE) 4:940-941 Carroll, Scott T.
Mystery Religions + 4:941-945 Meyer, Marvin W.
Mysticism + 4:945-946 Ringgren, Helmer
Myth and Mythology: 4:946-965
Mythology + 4:946-956 Oden, Robert A., Jr.
Myth in the OT + 4:956-960 Oden, Robert A., Jr.
Myth in the Greco-Roman World + 4:961-965 Graf, Fritz
Naam (PERSON) 4:967 Smith, David Channing
Naamah (PERSON) 1-2 4:967 Schearing, Linda S.
Naamah (PLACE) 4:967 Kotter, Wade R.
Naaman (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:967-968 Hobbs, T. R.
Naamathite + 4:968 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Naarah (PERSON) 4:969 Lo, Hing Choi
Naarah (PLACE) + 4:969 Thompson, Henry O.
Naarai (PERSON) 4:969 Pisano, Stephen
Naathus (PERSON) 4:969 Han, Jin Hee
Nabal (PERSON) + 4:969-970 Pisano, Stephen
Nabariah (PERSON) 4:970 Han, Jin Hee
Nabateans + 4:970-973 Graf, David F.
Nabonidus (PERSON) + 4:973-976 Sack, Ronald H.
ABD Article Index
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Nabonidus, Prayer of (4QPrNab) + 4:976-977 Collins, John J.
Nabopolassar (PERSON) + 4:977-978 Sack, Ronald H.
Naboth (PERSON) + 4:978 Walsh, Jerome T.
Nabratein (M.R. 197267) + 4:978-979 Meyers, Eric M.
Nacon (PERSON) + 4:979-980 Bailey, Randall C.
Nadab (PERSON) 1-5 + 4:980-981 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Nadabath (PLACE) 4:981-982 Smith, Robert Wayne
Nag Hammadi (26º03'N; 32º15'E): 4:982-993
Archaeology + 4:982-984 Lease, Gary
Nag Hammadi Codices + 4:984-993 Pearson, Birger A.
Naggai (PERSON) + 4:993 Porter, Stanley E.
Nahal Oren (M.R. 148241) + 4:993-994 Noy, Tamar
Nahalal (PLACE) + 4:994-995 Peterson, John L.
Nahaliel (PLACE) 4:995 Younker, Randall W.
Naham (PERSON) 4:995 Lo, Hing Choi
Nahamani (PERSON) 4:995 Swanson, Steven R.
Naharai (PERSON) 4:995 Pisano, Stephen
Nahariyeh (M.R. 159267) + 4:995-996 Dever, William G.
Nahash (PERSON) 4:996 Nelson, Richard D.
Nahath (PERSON) 1-3 4:996 Hübner, Ulrich
Nahbi (PERSON) 4:996 Paulien, Jon
Nahor (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:996-997 Hess, Richard S.
Nahor (PLACE) + 4:997 Hess, Richard S.
Nahshon (PERSON) + 4:998 Launderville, Dale F.
Nahum (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:998 Porter, Stanley E.
Nahum, Book of + 4:998-1000 Cathcart, Kevin J.
Naidus (PERSON) 4:1000 Kutsko, John F.
Nain (PLACE) 4:1000-1001 Strange, James F.
Naioth (PLACE) + 4:1001 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Name. See Family
Names, City. See City Names; Toponyms and Toponymy
Names of God in the OT + 4:1001-1011 Rose, Martin
Names, Double + 4:1011-1017 Horsley, G. H. R.
Names, Hypocoristic + 4:1017-1018 Pike, Dana M.
Names, Theophoric + 4:1018-1019 Pike, Dana M.
Nanea (DEITY) + 4:1019-1020 Pietersma, Albert
Naomi (PERSON) 4:1020 Mathews, Kenneth A.
Naphish (PERSON) + 4:1020 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Naphoth-Dor (PLACE) 4:1020-1021 Benjamin, Paul
Naphtali (PERSON) + 4:1021-1022 Jeansonne, Sharon Pace
Naphtha 4:1022 Herion, Gary A.
Naphtuhim + 4:1022 Baker, David W.
Narcissus (PERSON) 4:1022-1023 Lampe, Peter
Nard. See Perfumes and Spices; Flora
Narrative, Court. See Court Narrative (2 Samuel 9-1 Kings 2)
Narrative, Hebrew 4:1023-1027 Fewell, Danna Nolan; Gunn, David M.
Nasbeh, Tell en- (M.R. 170143) + 4:1027-1029 Broshi, Magen
Nasi. See Sanhedrin
Nathan (PERSON) 1-6 4:1029-1030 Howard, David M., Jr.
Nathan-Melech (PERSON) 4:1030 Viviano, Pauline A.
Nathanael (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:1030 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Nathanael (PERSON) 3 + 4:1030-1031 Collins, Raymond F.
Nationality and Political Identity + 4:1031-1037 Liverani, Mario
Nations + 4:1037-1049 Christensen, Duane L.
Nave. See Temple, Jerusalem
Nazaraeans, Gospel of. See Nazoraeans Gospel of the
Nazarenes + 4:1049-1050 Goranson, Stephen
Nazareth (PLACE) + 4:1050-1051 Strange, James F.
Nazoraeans, Gospel of the + 4:1051-1052 Petersen, William L.
Neah (PLACE) 4:1052 Greenberg, Raphael
ABD Article Index
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Neapolis (PLACE) 4:1052-1053 Gempf, Conrad
Neariah (PERSON) 1-2 4:1053 Fuller, Russell
Nebai (PERSON) + 4:1053 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Nebaioth (PERSON) + 4:1053 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Neballat (PLACE) + 4:1053-1054 Herion, Gary A.
Nebat (PERSON) + 4:1054 Walsh, Jerome T.
Nebiim 4:1054
Nebo (DEITY) 4:1054-1056 Dalglish, Edward R.
Nebo (PERSON). See also Nebo (PLACE) 2 4:1056
Nebo (PLACE) 1-2 + 4:1056 Ferch, Arthur J.
Nebo, Mount (PLACE). See also Nebo (PLACE) 1 + 4:1056-1058 Piccirillo, Michele
Nebuchadnezzar (PERSON) + 4:1058-1059 Sack, Ronald H.
Nebushazban (PERSON) 4:1059-1060 Bracke, John M.
Nebuzaradan (PERSON) 4:1060 Bracke, John M.
Necklace. See Jewelry
Neco (PERSON) + 4:1060-1061 Hobbs, T. R.
Necromancy. See Magic
Nedabiah (PERSON) 4:1061 Fuller, Russell
Negeb: 4:1061-1068
Bronze Age + 4:1061-1064 Rosen, Steven A.
Iron Age + 4:1064-1066 Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq
Hellenistic-Roman Period + 4:1066-1068 Negev, Avraham
Nehelam (PLACE) + 4:1068 Bracke, John M.
Nehemiah (PERSON) 1-2 4:1068-1069 Swanson, Steven R.
Nehemiah (PERSON) 3 + 4:1069-1071 North, Robert
Nehemiah, Book of. See Ezra-Nehemiah, Books of
Nehum (PERSON) 4:1071 Williams, Nora A.
Nehushta (PERSON) 4:1071 Schearing, Linda S.
Nehushtan. See Serpent, Bronze; Hezekiah 4:1071
Neiel (PLACE) 4:1071 Williams, David Salter
Nekoda (PERSON) 1-2 4:1071 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Nemuel (PERSON) 1-2 4:1071-1072 Slayton, Joel C.
Neolithic. See Prehistory
Nepheg (PERSON) 1-2 4:1072 Howard, David M., Jr.
Nephilim + 4:1072-1073 Hess, Richard S.
Nephisim (PERSON) + 4:1073 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Nephthar 4:1073 Herion, Gary A.
Nephtoah (PLACE) 4:1073 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Nephushesim (PERSON). See also Nephisim; Naphish 4:1073
Ner (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:1073-1074 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Nereus (PERSON) 4:1074 Lampe, Peter
Nergal (DEITY) + 4:1074 Fulco, William J.
Nergal-Sharezer (PERSON) + 4:1074-1075 Bracke, John M.
Neri (PERSON) + 4:1075 Porter, Stanley E.
Neriah (PERSON) + 4:1075-1076 Porter, Stanley E.
Nero (Emperor) + 4:1076-1081 Griffin, Miriam Tamara
Nerva (Emperor) + 4:1081-1082
,Jones, Brian W.
Nessana (M.R. 095031) + 4:1082-1084 Negev, Avraham
Netaim (PLACE) + 4:1084 Williams, David Salter
Nethanel (PERSON) 1-10 4:1084-1085 Eades, Keith L.
Nethaniah (PERSON) 1-5 + 4:1085 Dalglish, Edward R.
Nethinim + 4:1085-1086 Healey, Joseph P.
Netophah (PLACE) + 4:1086 Younker, Randall W.
Nets. See Zoology
Network 4:1086 Meyers, Carol
New + 4:1086-1088 Collins, Raymond F.
New Commandment + 4:1088 Collins, Raymond F.
New Covenant + 4:1088-1094 Lundbom, Jack R.
New Earth, New Heaven + 4:1094-1095 Watson, Duane F.
New Gate (PLACE) 4:1095 Liid, Dale C.
ABD Article Index
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New Jerusalem + 4:1095-1096 Watson, Duane F.
New Moon. See Calendars
New Testament Semiticisms. See Semiticisms in the NT
New Testament, OT Quotations in the + 4:1096-1104 Hübner, Hans; Schatzmann, Siegfried S. (trans.)
New Year Festival. See Akitu
Neziah (PERSON) 4:1104 Swanson, Steven R.
Nezib (PLACE) 4:1104 Kotter, Wade R.
Nibhaz (DEITY) + 4:1104 Fulco, William J.
Nibshan (PLACE) + 4:1104 Kotter, Wade R.
Nicanor (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:1105 Rappaport, Uriel
Nicanor Gate. See Beautiful Gate
Nicodemus (PERSON) + 4:1105-1106 Paulien, Jon
Nicodemus, Gospel of. See Pilate, Acts of
Nicolaitans + 4:1106-1107 Watson, Duane F.
Nicolaus (PERSON) + 4:1107-1108 Martin, Thomas W.
Nicopolis (PLACE) 4:1108 Smith, Robert Wayne
Niger 4:1108 Martin, Thomas W.
Night Hag. See Lilith (DEITY)
Nile (PLACE): 4:1108-1116
Old Testament + 4:1108-1112 Huddlestun, John R.
Geography + 4:1112-1116 Williams, Bruce B.
Nimrim, The Waters of (PLACE) + 4:1116 Ferch, Arthur J.
Nimrod (PERSON) + 4:1116-1118 Machinist, Peter
Nimshi (PERSON) + 4:1118 Walsh, Jerome T.
Nineveh (PLACE) 4:1118-1119 Grayson, A. Kirk
Ninlil (DEITY) + 4:1119 Fulco, William J.
Ninurta (DEITY) + 4:1119 Fulco, William J.
Nippur (32º08'N; 45º03'E) + 4:1119-1122 Franke, Judith A.
Nisan. See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 4:1122
Nisroch (DEITY) 4:1122 Grayson, A. Kirk
Noadiah (PERSON) + 4:1122 Shearer, Rodney H.
Noah (PERSON) 1-2 + 4:1122-1123 Taylor, Marion Ann ; Taylor, J. Glen
Noah and the Ark: 4:1123-1131
The Hero of the Flood + 4:1123-1131 Kikawada, Isaac M.
Noah’s Ark + 4:1131 Bailey, Lloyd R.
Noah, Apocalypse of + 4:1132-1133 Thomason, Dana Andrew
Nob (PLACE) + 4:1133 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Nobah (PERSON) 4:1133 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Nobah (PLACE) 1-2 4:1133 Slayton, Joel C.
Nobles. See Palestine, Administration of (Postexilic Judean Officials)
Nod (PLACE) 4:1133-1134 Davila, James R.
Nodab (PERSON) + 4:1134 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Nogah (PERSON) 4:1134 Howard, David M., Jr.
Nohah (PERSON) 4:1134 Willett, Tom Wayne
Nophah (PLACE) + 4:1134-1135 Ferch, Arthur J.
Norea, Thought of (NHC IX,2) + 4:1135 Pearson, Birger A.
North 4:1135-1136 Drinkard, Joel F., Jr.
North African Christianity. See Christianity (North African)
North African Judaism. See Judaism (North African)
North Country, The (PLACE) + 4:1136 Arnold, Bill T.
Northwest Semitic Languages. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Nose Ring. See Jewelry
Not My People (PERSON) 4:1136-1137 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Not Pitied (PERSON) 4:1137 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Novels, Greek and Latin + 4:1137-1139 Alexander, Loveday C. A.
Nu 4:1139
Numbers and Counting + 4:1139-1146 Friberg, Jöran
Numbers, Book of + 4:1146-1155 Milgrom, Jacob
Numenius (PERSON) + 4:1155 Hardwick, Michael E.
Nun 4:1155
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Nun (PERSON) 4:1155 Viviano, Pauline A.
Nunc Dimittis + 4:1155-1156 Danker, Frederick William
Nuts. See Flora
Nuzi 4:1156-1162 Morrison, Martha A.
Nympha (PERSON) + 4:1162 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Oak of Tabor (PLACE). See Tabor, Oak of
Oak Tree. See Flora
Oak, Diviner’s. See Diviner’s Oak
Obadiah (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:1-2 Kennedy, James M.
Obadiah, Book of 5:2-4 Ackroyd, Peter R.
Obal (PERSON) + 5:4-5 Müller, Walter W.
Obed (PERSON) 1-6 + 5:5 Mathews, Kenneth A.
Obed-Edom (PERSON) 1-4 + 5:5-6 Thompson, David L.
Obelisk. See Massebah 5:6
Obil (PERSON) Nysse, Richard W.
Oblation 5:6 Flesher, Paul V. M.
Oboda (M.R. 128022) + 5:6-7 Negev, Avraham
Oboth (PLACE) + 5:7 Ferch, Arthur J.
Obscene Language. See Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
Ochiel (PERSON). See Jeiel
Ochran (PERSON) 5:7 Launderville, Dale F.
Ocina (PLACE) 5:8 White, Sidnie Ann
Octopus. See Zoology
Oded (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:8 Clem, H. Eldon
Odomera (PERSON) + 5:8 Hardwick, Michael E.
Odor + 5:8-9 Carrez, Maurice
Offerings. See Sacrifice and Sacrificial Offerings
Offset 5:9 Meyers, Carol
Og (PERSON) + 5:9 McMillion,Phillip E.
Ohad (PERSON) + 5:9 Mariottini, Claude F.
Ohel (PERSON) + 5:10 Fuller, Russell
Oholiab (PERSON) 5:10 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Oholibamah (PERSON) 5:10 Hübner, Ulrich
Old Age + 5:10-12 Harris, J. Gordon
Old Gate (PLACE) + 5:12 Liid, Dale C.
Old Testament Quotations in the NT. See New Testament, OT Quotations in
Olive Oil. See Perfumes and Spices
Olive Tree. See Flora
Olives, Mount of (PLACE) + 5:13-15 Heard, Warren J., Jr.
Olympas (PERSON) 5:15 Lampe, Peter
Olympian Zeus, Temple of + 5:15 Kampen, John
Omar (PERSON) 5:15 Hübner, Ulrich
Omega 5:15
Omens in the Ancient Near East + 5:15-17 Starr, Ivan
Omer. See Weights and Measures
Omicron 5:17
Omri (PERSON) 1-4 5:17-20 Thiel, Winfried; Muenchow, Charles (trans.)
On (PERSON) 5:20 de Groot van Houten, Christina
On (PLACE). See Helipolis
Onager. See Zoology
Onam (PERSON) 1-2 5:20 Matthews, Victor H.
Onan (PERSON) + 5:20-21 Mariottini, Claude F.
Onesimus (PERSON) + 5:21-22 Lampe, Peter
Onesiphorus (PERSON) + 5:22-23 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Onias (PERSON) 1-4 + 5:23-24 Rappaport, Uriel
Onion. See Flora
Ono (PLACE) + 5:24-25 Shearer, Rodney H.
Onycha. See Perfumes and Spices
Ophel (PLACE) + 5:26 Mare, W. Harold
Ophir (PERSON) + 5:26 Baker, David W.
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Ophir (PLACE) + 5:26-27 Baker, David W.
Ophni (PLACE) 5:27 Dyck, Elmer H.
Ophrah (PERSON) 5:27 Lo, Hing Choi
Ophrah (PLACE) + 5:27-28 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Oracle: 5:28-30
See also Prophecy; Sibylline Oracles; Woe
Old Testament + 5:28-29 Weis, Richard D.
Ancient Egypt + 5:29-30 Miosi, Frank T.
Oral Tradition: 5:30-37
See also Form Criticism (OT); Genesis, The Narrative of; Joshua, Book of; Judges, Book of; Scandinavian School (OT);
Tradition History
New Testament + 5:30-34 Kelber, Werner H.
Early Judaism + 5:34-37 Avery-Peck, Alan J.
Oratory. See Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism
Ordain, Ordination + 5:37-40 Ferguson, Everett
Ordeal + 5:40-42 van der Toorn, Karel
Oreb and Zeeb (PERSONS) 5:42 Mendenhall, George E.
Oren (PERSON) 5:42 Smith, David Channing
Orientation. See Direction and Orientation
Origen (PERSON) + 5:42-48 Trigg, Joseph W.
Origen’s Hexapla. See Hexapla of Origen
Origin of the World (NHC II,5). See World, on the Origin of (NHC II,5)
Ornaments. See Dress and Ornamentation
Ornan (PERSON). See Araunah
Orpah (PERSON) + 5:48 Mathews, Kenneth A.
Orphism + 5:48-50 Alderink, Larry J.
Orthosia (PLACE) 5:50 Smith, Robert Wayne
Osnappar (PERSON) 5:50 Grayson, A. Kirk
Osprey. See Zoology
Ostraca, Semitic + 5:50-51 Lemaire, André
Ostrich. See Zoology
Othni (PERSON) + 5:51 Endres, John C.
Othniel (PERSON) + 5:51-52 Boling, Robert G.
Othoniah (PERSON) 5:52 Han, Jin Hee
Ovens, Tower of the (PLACE) + 5:52 Liid, Dale C.
Overlay 5:52 Meyers, Carol
Owl. See Zoology
Ox (ANIMAL). See Zoology
Ox (PERSON) 5:52 White, Sidnie Ann
Oxyrhynchus Sayings. See Sayings of Jesus, Oxyrhynchus
Oysters. See Zoology
Ozem (PERSON) 1-2 5:53 Smith, David Channing
Oziel (PERSON) 5:53 White, Sidnie Ann
Ozni (PERSON) 5:53 de Groot van Houten, Christina
P. See Priestly ("P") Source; Torah (Pentateuch); Source Criticism (Old Testament)
Paarai (PERSON) + 5:55 Dempster, Stephen G.
Paddan-Aram (PLACE) + 5:55 Pitard, Wayne T.
Padon (PERSON)
,+ 5:55-56 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Pagans. See Nations
Pagiel (PERSON) 5:56 Launderville, Dale F.
Pahad. See Names of God in the OT
Pahath-Moab (PERSON) 5:56 Schley, Donald G.
Pai (PLACE). See also Pau (PLACE) 5:56
Palace + 5:56-58 Dever, William G.
Palaeography + 5:58-60 McLean, Mark D.
Palal (PERSON) 5:60 Ruffin, Michael L.
Paleo-Hebrew Script. See Hebrew Scripts
Paleolithic. See Prehistory
Paleopathology + 5:60-69 Jones, Richard N.
Palestine, Administration of: 5:69-99
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Assyrian and Babylonian Administration + 5:69-81 Machinist, Peter
Persian Administration + 5:81-86 Williamson, H. G. M.
Postexilic Judean Officials + 5:86-90 North, Robert
Ptolemaic Administration + 5:90-92 Bagnall, Roger S.
Seleucid Administration + 5:92-96 Fischer, Thomas; Cryer, Frederick (trans.)
Roman Administration + 5:96-99 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Palestine, Archaeology of: 5:99-119
Prehistoric Periods + 5:99-109 Bar-Yosef, Ofer
Bronze and Iron Ages + 5:109-114 Dever, William G.
Persian Period + 5:114-116 Stern, Ephraim
New Testament Period + 5:116-119 Strange, James F.
Palestine, Climate of + 5:119-126 Frick, Frank S.
Palestine, Geography and Geology of. See Geography and the Bible (Geography of Palestine)
Palestinian Funerary Inscriptions + 5:126-135 Puech, Emile; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Palestinian Judaism. See Judaism (Palestinian)
Pallu (PERSON) 5:136 Mariottini, Claude F.
Palm Trees, City of. See City of Palm Trees
Palmyra (34º33'N; 38º17'E) + 5:136-137 Gawlikowski, Michael
Palsy. See Sickness and Disease
Palti (PERSON) 1-2 5:138 Schearing, Linda S.
Paltiel (PERSON) 1-2 5:138 Schearing, Linda S.
Paltite, The + 5:138 Thompson, David L.
Pamphylia (PLACE) + 5:138-139 Carroll, Scott T.
Panel 5:139 Meyers, Carol
Pantheons, Mesopotamian + 5:139 Lambert, W. G.
Panther. See Zoology
Paphos (PLACE) + 5:139-140 Gempf, Conrad
Papias (PERSON) + 5:140-142 Schoedel, William R.
Papyri, Early Christian + 5:143-146 Pickering, Stuart Richard
Papyri, Papyrus. See Bodmer Papyri; Chester Beatty Papyri; Elephantine Papyri; Samaria (Papyri); Egerton Papyrus;
Flora; Writing and Writing Materials
Parable + 5:146-152 Crossan, John Dominic
Paraclete + 5:152-154 Ashton, John
Paradise 5:154-155 Charlesworth, James H.
Parah (PLACE) 5:155 Dyck, Elmer H.
Paraleipomena Ieremiou. See Baruch, Book of 4
Parallelism + 5:155-162 Berlin, Adele
Paralysis. See Sickness and Disease
Paran (PLACE) + 5:162 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Paran, El-. See El-Paran (PLACE)
Parapet. See Temple, Jerusalem
Paraphrase of Shem. See Shem, Paraphrase of (NHC VII,1)
Parbar + 5:162 Willett, Tom Wayne
Parenesis and Protreptic + 5:162-165 Fiore, Benjamin
Pareve. See Meal Customs (Jewish Dietary Laws)
Parmashta (PERSON) + 5:165 Bedford, Peter
Parmenas (PERSON) + 5:165 Paulien, Jon
Parnach (PERSON) 5:166 Panitz, Raphael I.
Parosh (PERSON) + 5:166 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Parousia + 5:166-170 Rowland, Christopher
Parshandatha (PERSON) + 5:170 Bedford, Peter
Parthians 5:170-171 Olson, Mark J.
Partition/Dividing Wall. See Temple, Jerusalem
Partridge. See Zoology
Paruah (PERSON) 5:171 McMillion,Phillip E.
Parvaim (PLACE) + 5:171 Baker, David W.
Pas-Dammim (PLACE). See Ephes-Dammim 5:171
Pasach (PERSON) + 5:171 O’Brien, Julia M.
Paseah (PERSON) 1-3 5:171 Ruffin, Michael L.
Pashhur (PERSON) 1-5 5:171-172 Bracke, John M.
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Passion Narratives + 5:172-177 Nickelsburg, George W. E.
Passover, Meal. See Unleavened Bread and Passover, Feasts of
Patara (PLACE) + 5:177-178 Wineland, John D.
Pathology. See Paleopathology
Pathros (PLACE): Pathrusim 5:178 Baker, David W.
Pathros (PLACE): (Upper Egypt) 5:178 Redford, Donald B.
Patmos (PLACE) 5:178-179 Carroll, Scott T.
Patriarchate + 5:179-180 Goodblatt, David
Patriarchs, Testament of the Three + 5:180-181 Sanders, E. P.
Patriarchs, Testaments of the Twelve + 5:181-186 de Jonge, Marinus
Patrimony. See Family
Patrobas (PERSON) 5:186 Lampe, Peter
Patroclus (PERSON) 5:186 Kampen, John
Pau (PLACE) 5:186 Hübner, Ulrich
Paul (PERSON) + 5:186-201 Betz, Hans Dieter
Paul’s Nephew + 5:201-202 O’Toole, Robert F.
Paul and Seneca, Epistles of + 5:201 Thomason, Dana Andrew
Paul, Acts of + 5:202-203 Sellew, Philip
Paul, Apocalypse of + 5:203-204 Perkins, Pheme
Paul, Martyrdom of 5:204-205 Sellew, Philip
Paul, Passion of. See Peter and Paul, Passion of; Paul, Martyrdom of
Paul, Prayer of the Apostle (NHC I,1) + 5:205 Attridge, Harold W.
Paulus, Sergius (PERSON) + 5:205-206 Martin, Thomas W.
Pavilion. See Art and Architecture 5:206
Peace: 5:206-212
Old Testament + 5:206-207 Healey, Joseph P.
New Testament + 5:207-212 Klassen, William
Peacemaking, Peacemakers + 5:212-213 Beutler, Johannes
Pearl, Hymn of the. See Hymn of the Pearl
Pearls. See Dress and Ornamentation
Pedahel (PERSON) 5:213 Panitz, Raphael I.
Pedahzur (PERSON) 5:213 Launderville, Dale F.
Pedaiah (PERSON) 1-7 5:213-214 Fuller, Russell
Pedestal 5:214 Meyers, Carol
Pediment 5:214 Meyers, Carol
Pegai. See Fejja 5:214
Pekah (PERSON) + 5:214-215 Olson, Dennis T.
Pekahiah (PERSON) + 5:215-216 Olson, Dennis T.
Pekod (PLACE) + 5:216-217 Dalglish, Edward R.
Pelaiah (PERSON) 1-2 5:217 Fuller, Russell
Pelaliah (PERSON) + 5:217 Hutton, Rodney R.
Pelatiah (PERSON) 1-4 5:217 Fuller, Russell
Peleg (PERSON) + 5:217-218 Hess, Richard S.
Pelet (PERSON) 1-2 5:218 Dillard, Raymond B.
Peleth (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:218 Hutton, Rodney R.
Pelethites + 5:219 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Pella (M.R. 207206) + 5:219-221 Smith, Robert Houston
Pelonite 5:221 Duke, Rodney K.
Pelusium (PLACE) + 5:221-222 Meltzer, Edmund S.
Pendants. See Jewelry, Ancient Israelite
Peninnah (PERSON) 5:222 Youngblood, Ronald
Pentateuch. See Torah; Samaritan Penateuch
Pentecost + 5:222-223 Olson, Mark J.
Penuel (PERSON) 1-2 5:223 Smith, David Channing
Penuel (PLACE) + 5:223 Slayton, Joel C.
People of the East. See East, People of the
People of the Land. See Am Ha’arez
Peor (PLACE) 1-2 5:223-224 Brensinger, Terry L.
Perazim, Mount. See Baal-Perazim (PLACE)
Perea (PLACE) + 5:224-225 Treacy-Cole, Diane I.
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Peresh (PERSON) 5:225 Graham, M. Patrick
Perez (PERSON) + 5:225-226 Mariottini, Claude F.
Perez-Uzzah (PLACE) 5:226 Thompson, David L.
Perfumes and Spices + 5:226-228 Matthews, Victor H.
Perga (PLACE) + 5:228 Gasque, W. Ward
Pergamum (PLACE) + 5:228-230 Potter, David S.
Perida (PERSON). See Peruda (PERSON)
Periphrasis. See Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
Perizzite + 5:231 Reed, Stephen A.
Persecution of the Early Church + 5:231-235 Potter, David S.
Persepolis (PLACE) 5:236 Young, T. Cuyler, Jr.
Perseus (PERSON) + 5:236 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
Persian Art. See Art and Architecture (Persian Art)
Persian Empire + 5:236-244 Briant, Pierre; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Persian Language. See Languages (Languages of Ancient Iran)
Persis (PERSON) 5:244 Lampe, Peter
Personality, Corporate. See Corporate Personality
Peruda (PERSON) + 5:244 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Pesach. See also Unleavened Bread and Passover, Feasts of 5:244
Pesharim, Qumran + 5:244-251 Dimant, Devorah
Pesh*tta. See Versions, Ancient (Syriac); Christianity (Syria)
Pestilence. See Sickness and Disease; Palestine, Climate of
Peter (PERSON) + 5:251-263 Donfried, Karl P.
Peter and Paul, Acts of + 5:263-264 Stoops, Robert F., Jr.
Peter and Paul, Passion of + 5:264 Stoops, Robert F., Jr.
Peter and the Twelve Apostles, The Acts of (NHC VI,1) + 5:264-265 Parrott, Douglas M.
Peter to Philip, Letter of (NHC VIII,2) + 5:265-266 Meyer, Marvin W.
Peter, Act of 5:266-267 Goehring, James E.
Peter, Acts of + 5:267-268 Stoops, Robert F., Jr.
Peter, Apocalypse of (NHC VII,3) + 5:268-269 Wisse, Frederik
Peter, First Epistle of + 5:269-278 Elliott, John H.
Peter, Gospel of + 5:278-281 Mirecki,
,Paul Allan
Peter, Martyrdom of + 5:281 Stoops, Robert F., Jr.
Peter, Passion of + 5:281-282 Stoops, Robert F., Jr.
Peter, Preaching of + 5:282 Corley, Kathleen E.
Peter, Second Epistle of + 5:282-287 Elliott, John H.
Pethahiah (PERSON) 1-3 5:287-288 Brensinger, Terry L.
Pethor (PLACE) 5:288 Brensinger, Terry L.
Pethuel (PERSON) 5:288 Weis, Richard D.
Petra (PLACE). See Nabateans
Peullethai (PERSON) 5:288 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Phaltiel (PERSON) 5:288
Phanuel (PERSON) 5:288 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Pharakim (PERSON) + 5:288 Bowman, Craig D.
Pharaoh + 5:288-289 Redford, Donald B.
Pharathon (PLACE). See Pirathon
Phares (PERSON). See Perez
Pharisees + 5:289-303 Saldarini, Anthony J.
Pharison (PERSON) 5:303 Hardwick, Michael E.
Pharpar (PLACE) + 5:303-304 Thompson, Henry O.
Phaselis (PLACE) 5:304 Wineland, John D.
Phicol (PERSON) 5:304 Williams, David Salter
Philadelphia (PALCE) + 5:304-305 Gasque, W. Ward
Philemon, Epistle to + 5:305-310 Bartchy, S. Scott
Philetus (PERSON) 5:310 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Philip (PERSON) 1-4 5:310 Redditt, Paul L.
Philip (PERSON) 5 + 5:310-311 Braund, David C.
Philip (PERSON) 6 + 5:311-312 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Philip, Acts of + 5:312 Bovon, François
Philip, Gospel of (NHC II,3) + 5:312-313 Isenberg, Wesley W.
ABD Article Index
79
Philippi (PLACE) + 5:313-317 Hendrix, Holland L.
Philippian Jailor + 5:317-318 O’Toole, Robert F.
Philippian Slave Girl. See Slave Girl at Philippi
Philippians, Epistle to + 5:318-326 Fitzgerald, John T.
Philistines: 5:326-333
History + 5:326-328 Katzenstein, H. J.
Archaeology + 5:328-333 Dothan, Trude
Philo of Alexandria + 5:333-342 Borgen, Peder
Philo of Byblos + 5:342-344 Baumgarten, Albert I.
Philo, Pseudo- + 5:344-345 Harrington, Daniel J.
Philologus (PERSON) 5:345 Lampe, Peter
Philometor (PERSON) + 5:346 Hardwick, Michael E.
Philosophy + 5:346 DeMaris, Richard E.
Phinehas (PERSON) 1-3 5:346-347 Spencer, John R.
Phlegon (PERSON) 5:347 Lampe, Peter
Phocylides, Pseudo- 5:347-348 van der Horst, Peiter W.
Phoebe (PERSON) + 5:348-349 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Phoenicia, History of + 5:349-357 Peckham, Brian
Phoenician Language. See Languages (Phoenician)
Phoenician Religion + 5:357-363 Schmitz, Philip C.
Phoenix (Bird and Poem) + 5:363-365 Alderink, Larry J.
Phoenix (PLACE) 5:365 Hoffman, Daniel Lee
Phrygia (PLACE) + 5:365-368 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Phrygian Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Phygelus (PERSON) 5:368 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Phylacteries + 5:368-370 fa*gen, Ruth Satinover
Pi-Beseth (PLACE) + 5:370-371 Redford, Donald B.
Pi-Hahiroth (PLACE) + 5:371 Redford, Donald B.
Pig. See Zoology
Pigeon. See Zoology
Pilate, Acts of + 5:371-372 Jefford, Clayton N.
Pilate, Pontius. See Pontius Pilate
Pildash (PERSON) + 5:372 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Pilha (PERSON) 5:372 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Pillar of Fire and Cloud + 5:372-373 Slayton, Joel C.
Pillars, Hall of (PLACE). See Judgement, Hall of
Piltai (PERSON) 5:373 Williams, Nora A.
Pin. See Dress and Ornamentation
Pine Tree. See Flora
Pinnacle. See Temple, Jerusalem
Pinon (PERSON) 5:373 Hübner, Ulrich
Pipe. See Music and Musical Instruments
Piram (PERSON) 5:373 Schley, Donald G.
Pirathon (PLACE) 5:373 Smith, Robert Wayne
Pisgah (PLACE) 5:373-374 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Pishon (PLACE) + 5:374 Müller, Walter W.
Pisidia (PLACE) + 5:374-375 Gasque, W. Ward
Pispa (PERSON) + 5:375 O’Brien, Julia M.
Pistachio. See Flora
Pistis Sophia (Codex Askewianus) + 5:375-376 Perkins, Pheme
Pit. See Dead, Abode of the
Pithom (PLACE) + 5:376-377 Wei, Tom F.
Pithon (PERSON) + 5:377 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Plagues. See Sickness and Disease; Egypt, Plagues in
Plane Tree. See Flora
Plank 5:378 Meyers, Carol
Plants. See Flora
Plato: Republic 588B-589B (NHC VI,5) + 5:378 Majercik, Ruth
Platonism + 5:378-381 Dillon, John M.
Pledge. See Debts
ABD Article Index
80
Pliny the Younger + 5:381-382 Jones, Brian W.
Plow, Plough. See Zoology
Plutarch + 5:382-384 Martin, Hubert M., Jr.
Pocherieth-Hazzebaim (PERSON) + 5:384 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Poetry, Hebrew. See Psalms, Book of; Parallelism; Budde Hypothesis
Polis. See Cities (Greco-Roman)
Politarchs + 5:384-389 Horsley, G. H. R.
Political Identity. See Nationality and Political Identity
Polycarp (PERSON) + 5:389-390 Wilson, J. Christian
Polycarp, Epistle of + 5:390-392 Schoedel, William R.
Polycarp, Martyrdom of + 5:392-395 Schoedel, William R.
Pomegranate. See Flora
Pompey (PERSON) + 5:395 Marshall, Bruce A.
Pontius Pilate (PERSON) + 5:395-401 Schwartz, Daniel R.
Pontus (PLACE) + 5:401-402 Sullivan, Richard D.
Pool of Shelah. See Shelah, Pool of
Pool of Siloam. See Siloam, Pool of
Poor, Poverty: 5:402-424
Old Testment + 5:402-414 Pleins, J. David
New Testament + 5:414-424 Hanks, Thomas D.
Poplar. See Flora
Poratha (PERSON) + 5:424 Bedford, Peter
Porch. See also Temple, Jerusalem 5:424 Meyers, Carol
Porcius Festus (PERSON). See Festus, Porcius
Porcupine. See Zoology
Portico, Solomon’s. See Solomon’s Portico
Posidonius (PERSON) 5:424 Kampen, John
Poststructural Analysis + 5:424-426 Davies, Margaret
Potiphar (PERSON) + 5:426-427 Redford, Donald B.
Potiphera (PERSON) + 5:427 Mariottini, Claude F.
Potsherd Gate (PLACE) + 5:427 Liid, Dale C.
Potter’s Wheel + 5:427-429 Wood, Bryant G.
Pottery: 5:428-444
Pottery Technology in Ancient Palestine 5:428-433 Franken, H.J.
Pottery Chronology of Palestine + 5:433-444 Lapp, Nancy L.
Pound. See Weights and Measures
Poverty. See Poor, Poverty
Power, NT Concept of + 5:444-446 Arnold, Clinton E.
Praetor. See City Authorities
Praetorian Guard + 5:446-447 Keppie, Lawrence
Praetorium + 5:447-449 Pixner, Bargil (Virgil)
Prayer in Early Judaism + 5:449-450 Charlesworth, James H.
Prayer of Azariah. See Daniel, Additions to
Prayer, Lord’s. See Lord’s Prayer
Prayers, Hellenistic Synagogal + 5:450-451 Fiensy, David A.
Pre-existence of Souls. See Souls, Preexistence of 5:451
Preacher, The. See Ecclesiastes, Book of
Preaching + 5:451-454 Craddock, Fred B.
Precinct. See Parbar
Prefect. See Palestine, Administration of (Roman); Praetorium; Procurator
Prehistory. See Anatolia; Arabia; Egypt; Iran; Mesopotamia; Palestine, Archaeology of; Syria
Presence, Bread of the. See Bread of the Presence
Pride. See Virtue/Vice Lists
Priestly ("P") Source + 5:454-461 Milgrom, Jacob
Priests. See Levites and Priests
Primeval History + 5:461-466 Kikawada, Isaac M.
Prince. See Palestine, Administration of (Postexilic Judean Officials)
Principalities and Powers + 5:467 Arnold, Clinton E.
Prisca (PERSON) + 5:467-468 Lampe, Peter
Prison + 5:468-469 van der Toorn, Karel
ABD Article Index
81
Prison, Spirits in. See Spirits in Prison
Processions + 5:469-473 Duff, Paul Brooks
Prochorus (PERSON) + 5:473 Paulien, Jon
Proconsul. See Palestine, Administration of (Roman)
Procurator + 5:473-474 Hall, John F.
Prologues, Gospel (Anti-Marcion). See Anti-Marcion (Gospel) Prologues
Pronouncement Story. See Apophthegm
Propaganda + 5:474-477 Liverani, Mario
Prophecy: 5:477-502
Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy + 5:477-482 Huffmon, Herbert B.
Preexilic Hebrew Prophecy + 5:482-489 Schmitt, John J.
Postexilic Hebrew Prophecy + 5:489-495 John Barton
Early Christian Prophecy + 5:495-502 Boring, M. Eugene
Prophets, Lives of the + 5:502-503 Hare, Douglas R. A.
Proselyte + 5:503-505 Stuehrenberg, Paul F.
Prostitution: 5:505-513
Old Testament + 5:505-510 Adler Goodfriend, Elaine
Cultic Prostitution + 5:510-513 van der Toorn, Karel
Proto-Luke. See Luke-Acts, Book of
Protreptic. See Parenesis and Protreptic
Proverbs, Book of + 5:513-520 Crenshaw, James L.
Providence + 5:520-521 Dillon, John M.
Province. See Palestine, Administration of (Roman)
Prusa (40º12'N; 29º04'E) + 5:521-522 Sheppard,
,Anthony R. R.
Psalms, Book of + 5:522-536 Limburg, James
Psalms, Syriac (Apocryphal) + 5:536-537 Piguè, Stanley C.
Psalter. See Psalms, Book of
Pseudepigrapha, OT + 5:537-540 Charlesworth, James H.
Pseudo- 5:540
Pseudonymity and Pseudepigraphy + 5:540-541 Charlesworth, James H.
Ptolemais (PLACE). See Acco (PLACE)
Ptolemy (PERSON) 1-23 + 5:541-544 Whitehorne, John
Ptolemy Macron (PERSON). See Macron (PERSON)
Puah (PERSON) 1 + 5:544-545 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Puah (PERSON) 2-3 + 5:545 Mariottini, Claude F.
Publius (PERSON) + 5:545 Paulien, Jon
Pudens (PERSON) + 5:546 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Pul (PERSON). See also Tiglath-Pileser 5:546 Grayson, A. Kirk
Punic Language. See Languages (Phoenician)
Punishment and Crimes (OT and ANE) + 5:546-556 Westbrook, Raymond
Punites + 5:556 Reed, Stephen A.
Punon (PLACE) + 5:556-557 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Purah (PERSON) 5:557 Lowery, Kirk E.
Purim. See Esther, Book of
Purple + 5:557-560 Danker, Frederick William
Put (PERSON) + 5:560 Baker, David W.
Puteoli (PLACE) 5:560-561 Carroll, Scott T.
Puthite 5:561 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Puti-el (PERSON) + 5:561 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Puvah (PERSON) 5:561-562 Mariottini, Claude F.
Pyrrhus (PERSON) + 5:562 Martin, Thomas W.
Pythagoreansim + 5:562-565 Thom, Johan C.
Python. See Slave Girl at Philippi
Q (Gospel Source) + 5:567-572 Tuckett, C. M.
Qa‘aqir, Jebel (M.R. 145103) + 5:572-573 Dever, William G.
Qades, Tell (M.R. 200279) + 5:573-575 Ovadiah, Asher; Fischer, Moshe; Roll, Israel
Qashish, Tel (M.R. 160232) + 5:575-577 Amnon Ben-Tor
Qasile, Tell (M.R. 130167) + 5:577 Mazar, Amihay; Kelm, George L.
Qatabanian Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Qedah, Tell el- (M.R.203269) + 5:578-581 Dever, William G.
ABD Article Index
82
Qedeis, Ain. See Hezron (PLACE)
Qedish, Khirbet (M.R. 202237). See Kedesh (PLACE)
Qere. See Kethib and Qere
Qiri, Tell (M.R. 160227) + 5:581-582 Amnon Ben-Tor
Qohelet. See Ecclesiastes, Book of
Qom, Khirbet el-. See Kom, Khirbet el-
Qop 5:582
Qoseimeh, Ain. See Karka
Quadratus + 5:582-583 Grant, Robert M.
Quail. See Zoology
Quart. See Weights and Measures
Quarter, Second (PLACE). See Second Quarter
Quartus (PERSON) 5:583 Gillman, John L.
Queen + 5:583-586 Schearing, Linda S.
Queen of Heaven (DEITY) + 5:586-588 Schmitz, Philip C.
Quest for the Historical Jesus. See Jesus (Quest for the Historical)
Questions of Bartholomew. See Bartholomew, Gospel of (Questions)
Qufin, Khirbet. See Maarath
Quintus Memmius (PERSON). See Memmius, Quintus
Quirinius (PERSON) + 5:588-589 Potter, David S.
Qumran Pesharim. See Pesharim, Qumran
Qumran, Khirbet (M.R. 193127) + 5:590-594 Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome
Quotations of OT in NT. See New Testament, OT Quotations in
Qurayya (28º47’N; 36º00’E) + 5:594-596 Parr, Peter J.
Qutian Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Ra (DEITY). See Re (DEITY)
Raamah (PERSON) + 5:597 Müller, Walter W.
Raamiah (PERSON). See Reelaiah
Raamses (PLACE). See Rameses (PLACE)
Rabah, Wadi (M.R. 144167) + 5:597-598 Kaplan, Jacob
Rabbah (PLACE) 1 + 5:598-600 Younker, Randall W.
Rabbah (PLACE) 2 + 5:600 Kotter, Wade R.
Rabbi + 5:600-602 Lapin, Hayim
Rabbinic Hermeneutics, Early. See Hermeneutics, Early Rabbinic
Rabbinic Literature and the NT + 5:602-604 Saldarini, Anthony J.
Rabbit. See Zoology
Rabbith (PLACE) 5:604-605 Baker, David W.
Rabboni. See Rabbi
Rabmag 5:605 Grayson, A. Kirk
Rabsaris 5:605 Grayson, A. Kirk
Rabshakeh 5:605 Grayson, A. Kirk
Raca 5:605 Wilcox, Max
Racal (PLACE) 5:605 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Rachel (PERSON) + 5:605-608 Beck, Astrid Billes
Rachel’s Tomb (PLACE) + 5:608-609 Luker, Lamontte M.
Raddai (PERSON) 5:609-610 Kennedy, James M.
Rages (PLACE) + 5:610 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Raguel (ANGEL) + 5:610 Newsom, Carol A.
Raguel (PERSON) 5:610 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Rahab (DRAGON) + 5:610-611 Day, John
Rahab (PERSON) + 5:611-612 Greenspoon, Leonard J.
Raham (PERSON) + 5:612 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Rahel, Ramat. See Ramat Rahel
Rain + 5:612 Frick, Frank S.
Raisins. See Flora
Rakem (PERSON) 5:612 Graham, M. Patrick
Rakkath (PLACE) + 5:612-613 White, Sidnie Ann
Rakkon (PLACE) + 5:613 White, Sidnie Ann
Ram (PERSON) 1-3 5:613 Kennedy, James M.
Ram (Sheep). See Zoology; Sheep, Shepherd
ABD Article Index
83
Ramah (PLACE) 1-4 + 5:613-614 Arnold, Patrick M.
Ramat el-Khalil (M.R. 160107) + 5:614-615 Appelbaum, Shimon
Ramat Matred (M.R. 118020) + 5:615 Goring-Morris, Nigel
Ramat Rahel (M.R. 170127) + 5:615-616 Younker, Randall W.
Ramath-Lehi (PLACE) + 5:616-617 Lubetski, Meir
Ramath-Mizpeh (PLACE) + 5:617 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Ramathaim-Zophim (PLACE). See Ramah
Ramathite 5:617 Nysse, Richard W.
Rameses (PLACE) + 5:617-618 Wente, Edward F.
Ramesses II (PERSON) + 5:618-620 Wente, Edward F.
Ramiah (PERSON) 5:620 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Ramoth (PLACE) + 5:620 Arnold, Patrick M.
Ramoth-Gilead (PLACE) + 5:620-621 Arnold, Patrick M.
Rampart. See Fortifications (Levant)
Ramses (PERSON). See Ramesses II
Rape. See Punishments and Crimes (OT and ANE)
Rapha (PERSON) 5:621 Williams, David Salter
Raphael (ANGEL) + 5:621 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Raphah (PERSON) + 5:621-622 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Raphaim (PERSON) 5:622 White, Sidnie Ann
Raphia (PLACE) + 5:622 Keck, Brian E.
Raphon (PLACE) 5:622-623 Redditt, Paul L.
Raphu (PERSON) 5:623 Brensinger, Terry L.
Rapture. See Revalation, Book of; Parousia
Raqqa, Khirbet er-. See Jokdeam
Ras Abu Tabat (PLACE). See Tabbath
Ras et-Tahuna (M.R. 170147). See Zemaraim
Ras Shamra (PLACE). See Ugarit
Rassis (PLACE) + 5:623 White, Sidnie Ann
Rat. See Zoology 5:623
Rathamin (PLACE) 5:623 Smith, Robert Wayne
Raven. See Zoology
Razis (PERSON) + 5:623-624 Kampen, John
Re (DEITY) + 5:624-625 Miosi, Frank T.
Reader Response Theory + 5:625-628 Lategan, Bernard C.
Readings, Conflated. See Conflate Theories in the OT
Reaiah (PERSON) 1-3 5:628 Swanson, Steven R.
Reaping. See Harvests, Harvesting; Agriculture
Reba (PERSON) + 5:628-629 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Rebekah (PERSON) + 5:629-630 Beck, Astrid Billes
Recah (PLACE) 5:630 Williams, David Salter
Rechab (PERSON) + 5:630-632 Frick, Frank S.
Rechabites, History of + 5:632-633 Charlesworth, James H.
Recorder. See Scribes
Red Heifer. See Heifer, Red
Red Sea (PLACE): 5:633-644
Old Testament + 5:633-642 Huddlestun, John R.
Red Sea Trade + 5:642-644 Sidebotham, Steven E.
Redaction Criticism: 5:644-650
Old Testament + 5:644-647 John Barton
New Testament + 5:647-650 Stein, Robert H.
Redemption: 5:650-657
Old Testament + 5:650-654 Untermann, Jeremiah
New Testament + 5:654-657 Shogren, Gary S.
Reed. See Flora
Reelaiah (PERSON) 5:657 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Refuge, Cities of + 5:657-658 Spencer, John R.
Regem (PERSON) 5:658 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Regem-Melech (PERSON) + 5:658-659 Weis, Richard D.
Regeneration + 5:659-660 Gulley, Norman R.
ABD Article Index
84
Rehabiah (PERSON) 5:660 Berry, Donald K.
Rehob (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:660 Herion, Gary A.
Rehob (PLACE) 1-2 + 5:660-661 Peterson, John L.; Arav, Rami
Rehoboam (PERSON) + 5:661-664 Evans, Carl D.
Rehoboth (PLACE) 1-3 + 5:664 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Rehoboth-Ir (PLACE) + 5:664 Davila, James R.
Rehum (PERSON) 1-5 5:664-665 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Rei (PERSON) + 5:665 Viviano, Pauline A.
Rekem (PERSON) 1-3 5:665 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Rekem (PLACE) 5:665 Dyck, Elmer H.
Release, Year of. See Jubilee, Year of; Sabbatical Year
Religio Licita + 5:665-667 Clarke, G. W.
Religion. See Canaan, Religion of; Egyptian Religion; Hittite Religion; Memphite Theology; Mystery Religions; Phoenician
Religion; Roman Religion; South Arabia, Religion of; Christianity; Judaism; Theology
Remaliah (PERSON) + 5:667 Hull, John H., Jr.
Remember, Remembrance + 5:667-669 Verhey, Allen
Remeth (PLACE) + 5:669 White, Sidnie Ann
Remnant + 5:669-671 Meyer,
,See Versions, Ancient
Andrew (PERSON) + 1:242-244 MacDonald, Dennis Ronald
Andrew and Matthias, Acts of + 1:244 MacDonald, Dennis Ronald
Andrew, Acts of + 1:244-247 Prieur, Jean-Marc
Andrew, Fragmentary Story. See Andrew, Acts of
Andronicus (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:247 Nelson, Russell D.
Andronicus (PERSON) 3 + 1:247-248 Lampe, Peter
ABD Article Index
7
Anem (PLACE) + 1:248 Hunt, Melvin
Aner (PERSON) 1:248 Astour, Michael C.
Aner (PLACE) 1:248 Hunt, Melvin
Angels 1:248-255
Old Testament + 1:248-253 Newsom, Carol A.
New Testament + 1:253-255 Watson, Duane F.
Angels of the Seven Churches + 1:255 Watson, Duane F.
Anger. See Virtue/Vice Lists; Wrath of God
Angle, The (PLACE) + 1:255 Mare, W. Harold
Aniam (PERSON) 1:255-256 Graham, M. Patrick
Anim (PLACE) + 1:256 Kotter, Wade R.
Animal. See Zoology
Anklets + 1:256 Meyers, Carol
Anna (PERSON) 1 + 1:256 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
Anna (PERSON) 2 + 1:257 Witherington, Ben, III
Annan (PERSON). See Harim
Annas (PERSON) + 1:257-258 Chilton, Bruce
Annias (PERSON) 1:258 McGehee, Michael David
Anniuth (PERSON). See Bani
Annunus (PERSON) 1:258 Han, Jin Hee
Anointed, The. See Christ; Messiah.
Ant. See Zoology
Antelope. See Zoology
Anthothijah (PERSON) 1:258 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Anthropology and the OT + 1:258-262 Rogerson, J. W.
Anthropomorphism. See Yahwist ("J") Source
Antilebanon 1:262 Perkins, Larry, J.
Anti-Marcionite (Gospel) Prologues + 1:262-263 McDonald, Lee Martin
Antinomianism + 1:263-264 Wall, Robert W.
Antioch 1:264-269
Antioch of Psidia (PLACE) + 1:264-265 Mitchell, Stephen
Antioch of Syria (PLACE) + 1:265-269 Norris, Frederick W.
Antiochians + 1:269 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
Antiochis (PERSON) 1:269 Carroll, Scott T.
Antiochus (PERSON) 1-11 + 1:269-272 Whitehorne, John
Antipas (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:272 Wheeler, Frank E.
Antipater (PERSON) 1:272 Nelson, Russell D.
Antipatris (PLACE) + 1:272-274 Kochavi, Moshe
Antiphrasis. 1:274
See also Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
Antonia, Tower of + 1:274 Hall, John F.
Antony, Mark. See Mark Antony
Anub (PERSON) 1:274 Kennedy, James M.
Apame (PERSON) 1:274-275 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Apelles (PERSON) 1:275 Lampe, Peter
Aphairema (PLACE) + 1:275 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Aphek (PLACE) 1-5 + 1:275-277 Frankel, Rafael
Aphekah (PLACE) + 1:277 Kotter, Wade R.
Apherra (PERSON) + 1:277 McGehee, Michael David
Aphiah (PERSON) + 1:277-278 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Aphid. See Zoology
‘Apiru. See Habiru, Hapiru
Apis (DEITY) + 1:278-279 Redford, Donald B.
Apocalypse, Little. See Gospels, Little Apocalypses in the
Apocalypses and Apocalypticism: 1:279-292
The Genre + 1:279-280 Hanson, Paul D.
Introductory Overview + 1:280-282 Hanson, Paul D.
Akkadian "Apocalyptic" Literature + 1:282 Grayson, A. Kirk
Early Jewish Apocalypticism + 1:282-288 Collins, John J.
Early Christian + 1:288-292 Collins, Adela Yarbro
ABD Article Index
8
Apocrypha. 1:292-297
See also Canon
Old Testament Apocrypha + 1:292-294 Charlesworth, James H.
New Testament Apocrypha + 1:294-297 Patterson, Stephen J.
Apollo (DEITY) + 1:297-298 Danker, Frederick William
Apollonia (M.R. 131178) + 1:298-299 Roll, Israel
Apollonius (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:300 Redditt, Paul L.
Apollophanes (PERSON) 1:300-301 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
Apollos (PERSON) + 1:301 Hurst, L. D.
Apollyon. See also Dead, Abode of the 1:301-302 Grether, Herbert G.
Apologetics, NT + 1:302-307 Droge, Arthur J.
Apophthegm + 1:307-309 Robbins, Vernon K.
Apostasy. See Punishments and Crimes
Apostle + 1:309-311 Betz, Hans Dieter
Apostles, Epistle of + 1:311-312 Hills, Julian V.
Apostolic Constitutions and Canons + 1:312-313 Jefford, Clayton N.
Apostolic Council. See Jerusalem, Council of
Apostolic Fathers + 1:313-316 Schoedel, William R.
Appaim (PERSON) 1:316-317 Steeger, William P.
Appeal to Ceasar + 1:317 Hall, John F.
Apphia (PERSON) + 1:317-318 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Apphus (PERSON) 1:318 Rappaport, Uriel
Appian Way (PLACE) + 1:318 Stambaugh, John E.
Appius, Forum of. See Forum of Appius
Apple. See Flora, Biblical
Apron 1:318-319 Meyers, Carol
Aqiba (PERSON). See Akiba, Rabbi
Aquila (PERSON) + 1:319-320 Lampe, Peter
Aquila’s Version + 1:320-321 Greenspoon, Leonard J.
Ar (PLACE) + 1:321 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Ara (PERSON) 1:321 O’Brien, J. Randall
Arab (PLACE) + 1:321 Kotter, Wade R.
Arabah (PLACE) + 1:321-324 Seely, David R.
Arabah, Brook of the (PLACE) 1:324 Herion, Gary A.
Arabah, Sea of. See Salt Sea
Arabia (PLACE) + 1:324-327 Smith, Robert Houston
Arabia, Languages of (South). See Languages (Introductory Survey) and (Pre-Islamic South Arabian)
Arabia, Prehistory of + 1:327-331 Zarins, Juris
Arabia, Religion of (South). See South Arabia, Religion of
Arabic Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Arad (PERSON) 1:331 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Arad (PLACE) + 1:331-336 Manor, Dale W.; Herion, Gary A.
Arad Ostraca + 1:336-337 Lawton, Robert B.
Aradus (PLACE) + 1:337 Wei, Tom F.
Arah (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:337-338 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Aram (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:338 Pitard, Wayne T.
Aram (PLACE) + 1:338-341 Pitard, Wayne T.
Aram-Maacah (PLACE). See Maacah (PLACE)
Aram-Naharaim (PLACE) + 1:341 Pitard, Wayne T.
Aramaic Language. See Languages (Aramaic)
Aramaic Letters. See Letters (Aramaic)
Aramaic Messianic Text (4QMess ar) + 1:342 Viviano, Benedict Thomas
Aramaic Script + 1:342-345 Naveh, Joseph
Aramean Concubine. See Asriel; Machir; Manasseh (PERSON)
Arameans + 1:345-350 Millard, Alan Ralph
Aran (PERSON) 1:350-351 Matthews, Victor H.
Ararat (PLACE) + 1:351-353 Bailey, Lloyd R.
Aratus (PERSON) 1:353 Grether, Herbert G.
Araunah (PERSON) + 1:353 Nelson, Richard D.
Arba (PERSON) 1:353 Viviano, Pauline A.
ABD Article Index
9
Arbathite 1:353-354 Schley, Donald G.
Arbatta (PLACE) 1:354 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Arbela (PLACE) + 1:354 Redditt, Paul L.
Arbite 1:354 Schley, Donald G.
Archaeology, Syro-Palestinian and Biblical + 1:354-367 Dever, William G.
Archelaus (PERSON) + 1:367-368 Braund, David C.
Archer. See Military Organization in Mesopotamia 1:368
Archippus (PERSON) + 1:368-369 Gillman, John L.
Archite 1:369 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Architecture. See Art and Architecture articles
Archives of Murashu. See Murashu, Archive of
Archons, Hypostasis of. See Hypostasis of the Archons (NHC II,4)
Ard (PERSON) 1:369 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Ardat (PLACE) 1:369 McGarry, Susan E.
Ardon (PERSON) 1:369 Lo, Hing Choi
Areini, Tell el- (M.R. 129113) + 1:369-370 Dever, William G.
Areli (PERSON) 1:370 Nysse, Richard W.
Areopagus (PLACE) + 1:370-372 Martin, Hubert M., Jr.
Aretalogy + 1:372-373 Tiede, David L.
Aretas 1-4 + 1:373-376 Graf, David F.
Argob (PLACE) + 1:376 Thompson, Henry O.
Argob and Arieh (PERSONS) + 1:376 Viviano, Pauline A.
Arianism. See Arius, Arianism
Ariarathes (PERSON) + 1:377 Nelson, Russell D.
Aridai (PERSON) + 1:377 Bedford, Peter
Aridatha (PERSON) + 1:377 Bedford, Peter
Arieh. See Argob and Arieh 1:377
Ariel (PERSON) + 1:377 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Ariel (PLACE) 1:377-378 Mare, W. Harold
Arimathea (PLACE) 1:378 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Arimathea, Joseph of. See Joseph of Arimathea
Arioch (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:378-379 Astour, Michael C.
Arisai (PERSON) + 1:379 Bedford, Peter
Aristarchus (PERSON) + 1:379-380 Gillman, John L.
Aristeas the Exegete + 1:380 Holladay, Carl R.
Aristeas, Letter of + 1:380-382 Shutt, R. James H.
Aristides (PERSON) + 1:382 Grant, Robert M.
Aristobulus (PERSON) 1-9 1:382-383 Carroll, Scott T.
Aristobulus (OT Pseudepigrapha) + 1:383-384 Holladay, Carl R.
Arius, Arianism + 1:384-386 Groh, Dennis E.
Ark of the Covenant + 1:386-393 Seow, C. L.
Ark, Noah’s. See Noah and the Ark articles
Arkite (PERSON) + 1:393-394 Hess, Richard S.
Armageddon (PLACE) + 1:394-395 Paulien, Jon
Armenia (PLACE) + 1:395-397 Sullivan, Richard D.
Armenian Versions.
,Lester V.
Repentance: 5:671-674
Old Testament + 5:671-672 Healey, Joseph P.
New Testament + 5:672-674 Luter, A. Boyd, Jr.
Rephael (PERSON) 5:674 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Rephah (PERSON) + 5:674 Davis, M. Stephen
Rephaiah (PERSON) 1-5 5:674 Fuller, Russell
Rephaim + 5:674-676 Smith, Mark S.
Rephaim, Valley of (PLACE) 5:676-677 Edelstein, Gershon
Rephan (DEITY) 5:677 Meier, Samuel A.
Rephidim (PLACE) + 5:677-678 Seely, Jo Ann H.
Repoussé. See Jewelry
Reptile. See Zoology
Resaiah (PERSON). See Reelaiah
Resen (PLACE) + 5:678 Davila, James R.
Resh 5:678
Resheph (DEITY) + 5:678-679 Handy, Lowell K.
Resheph (PERSON) 5:679-680 Kennedy, James M.
Resurrection: 5:680-691
Old Testament + 5:680-684 Martin-Achard, Robert; Prendergast, Terrence (trans.)
Early Judaism and Christianity + 5:684-691 Nickelsburg, George W. E.
Resurrection, Treatise on the (NHC I,4) + 5:691-692 Peel, Malcolm L.
Reu (PERSON) + 5:692 Hess, Richard S.
Reuben (PERSON) + 5:692-693 Oller, Gary H.
Reuel (PERSON) 1-5 + 5:693-694 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Reumah (PERSON) + 5:694 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Revelation, Book of + 5:694-708 Collins, Adela Yarbro
Revolt, Maccabean. See Maccabean Revolt
Rezeph (PLACE) 5:708 Thompson, Henry O.
Rezin (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:708-709 Pitard, Wayne T.
Rezon (PERSON) + 5:709 Pitard, Wayne T.
Rhegium (PLACE) 5:709-710 Wineland, John D.
Rheims Version. See Versions, Catholic; Versions, English (Pre-1960)
Rhesa (PERSON) + 5:710 Porter, Stanley E.
Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism: 5:710-719
Rhetoric and Oratory in the Greco-Roman World + 5:710-712 Majercik, Ruth
OT Rhetorical Criticism + 5:712-715 Dozeman, Thomas B.
NT Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism + 5:715-719 Fiore, Benjamin
Rho 5:719
Rhoda (PERSON) + 5:719 Witherington, Ben, III
Rhodes (PLACE) 5:719-720 Carroll, Scott T.
Rhodocus (PERSON) + 5:720-721 Kampen, John
Ribai (PERSON) + 5:721 Thompson, David L.
ABD Article Index
85
Riblah (PLACE) 5:721 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Riddles + 5:721-723 Crenshaw, James L.
Ridge of Judea (PLACE) 5:723-724 Kutsko, John F.
Right, Right Hand + 5:724 Drinkard, Joel F., Jr.
Righteousness: 5:724-773
Old Testament + 5:724-736 Scullion, John J.
Early Judaism 5:736-742 Reumann, John
Greco-Roman World 5:742-745 Reumann, John
New Testament + 5:745-773 Reumann, John
Righteousness, Teacher of. See Teacher of Righteousness
Rimmon (DEITY) 5:773
Rimmon (PERSON) 5:773 Arnold, Patrick M.
Rimmon (PLACE) 1-4 + 5:773-774 Arnold, Patrick M.
Rimmon, Horvat (M.R. 137086) + 5:774 Kloner, Amos
Rimmon-Perez (PLACE). See Rimmon(PLACE)
Rimmono (PLACE). See Rimmon; Dimnah
Ring 5:775 Meyers, Carol
Rinnah (PERSON) 5:775 Kennedy, James M.
Riphath (PERSON) + 5:775 Hess, Richard S.
Rissah (PLACE) 5:775 White, Sidnie Ann
Rithmah (PLACE) 5:775 White, Sidnie Ann
Rizia (PERSON) + 5:775 O’Brien, Julia M.
Rizpah (PERSON) 5:776 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Roads and Highways: 5:776-787
Pre-Roman Roads and Highways + 5:776-782 Beitzel, Barry J.
Roman Roads + 5:782-787 Graf, David F.; Isaac, Benjamin; Roll, Israel
Robe. See Dress and Ornamentation
Rock of Escape (PLACE) 5:788 DeVries, LaMoine F.
Rock of Etam. See Etam, Rock of
Rodanim + 5:788 Clem, H. Eldon
Rodents. See Zoology
Roebuck. See Zoology
Rogelim (PLACE) + 5:788-789 Thompson, Henry O.
Rohgah (PERSON) 5:789 O’Brien, Julia M.
Romamti-Ezer (PERSON) 5:789 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Roman Army + 5:789-798 Kennedy, David
Roman Christianity. See Christianity (Christianity in Rome)
Roman Colonies (Judea) + 5:798-801 Isaac, Benjamin
Roman Empire + 5:801-806 Wells, Colin M.
Roman Imperial Cult + 5:806-809 Jones, Donald L.
Roman Judaism. See Judaism (in Rome)
Roman Religion + 5:809-816 Gladigow, Burkhard; Martin, Dennis (trans.)
Roman Temples. See Temples and Sanctuaries (Greco-Roman)
Romans, Epistle to the + 5:816-830 Myers, Charles D., Jr.
Rome (PLACE) + 5:830-834 Hall, John F.
Rome, Christian Monuments at + 5:834-835 Snyder, Graydon F.
Rome, Early Christian Attitudes To + 5:835-839 Alexander, Loveday C. A.
Rosettes. See Jewelry
Rosh (PERSON) 5:839 Slayton, Joel C.
Royal Jar Handle Stamps. See Stamps, Royal Jar Handle
Royal Road. See King’s Highway
Rufus (PERSON) + 5:839 Lampe, Peter
Rujm el-Hiri (M.R. 225257) + 5:839-841 Zohar, Mattanyah
Rule of the Community. See Community, Rule of the (1QS)
Rulers of the Synagogue + 5:841-842 Setzer, Claudia J.
Rumah (PLACE) 5:842 White, Sidnie Ann
Ruth, Book of + 5:842-847 Trible, Phyllis
Sabannus (PERSON). See also Binnui 5:849
Sabaoth. See Hosts, Lord of
Sabbaias (PERSON) 5:849 Han, Jin Hee
ABD Article Index
86
Sabbath + 5:849-856 Hasel, Gerhard F.
Sabbath Sacrifice, Songs of the (4QShirShabb). See Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice
Sabbatical Year + 5:857-861 Wright, Christopher J. H.
Sabeans 5:861 Herion, Gary A.
Sabtah (PERSON) + 5:861-862 Müller, Walter W.
Sabteca (PERSON) + 5:862-863 Müller, Walter W.
Sachar (PERSON) 5:863 Pisano, Stephen
Sachia (PERSON) 5:863 Willett, Tom Wayne
Sackcloth. See Dress and Ornamentation
Sacral Kingship + 5:863-866 Cazelles, Henri
Sacred Marriage + 5:866-870 Klein, Jacob
Sacred Meals (Greco-Roman). See Meal Customs (Greco-Roman Sacred Meals)
Sacred Stone + 5:870 Miller, Robert D., II
Sacrifice and Sacrificial Offerings: 5:870-891
Old Testament + 5:870-886 Anderson, Gary A.
New Testament + 5:886-891 Klauck, Hans-Josef; Fuller, Reginald H. (trans.)
Saddle. See Zoology
Sadducees + 5:892-895 Porton, Gary G.
Sade 5:895
Safaitic Inscriptions. See Inscriptions, Safatic
Safaitic Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Saffron. See Perfumes and Spices; Flora
Safi (M.R. 195147) + 5:895-896 Schaub, R. Thomas
Safiyeh, Wadi es-. See Zephathah
Safut, Tell (M.R. 229160) + 5:896-897 Wimmer, Donald H.
Sahab (M.R. 245142) + 5:897-900 Ibrahim, Moawiyah M.
Sa‘idiyeh, Tell es- (M.R. 204186) + 5:900-904 Tubb, Jonathan N.
Sakkuth and Kaiwan (DEITIES) + 5:904 Meier, Samuel A.
Sala (PERSON). See Salmon
Salamiel (PERSON) 5:904 White, Sidnie Ann
Salamis (PLACE) 5:904-905 Gempf, Conrad
Salathiel (PERSON). See Shealtiel
Salecah (PLACE) 5:905 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Salem (PLACE) + 5:905 Astour, Michael C.
Salim (PLACE) + 5:905 Smith, Robert Wayne
Sallai (PERSON) + 5:906 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Sallu (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:906 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Salmon (PERSON) 1-2 5:906 Lowery, Kirk E.
Salmone (PLACE) 5:906 Wineland, John D.
Salome (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:906-907 Witherington, Ben, III
Salt Sea (PLACE) 5:907 Astour, Michael C.
Salt, City of. See City of Salt
Salt, Valley of (PLACE) 5:907 Younker, Randall W.
Salu (PERSON) 5:907 Hardwick, Michael E.
Salvation + 5:907-914 O’Collins, Gerald G.
Samaria (PLACE). 5:914-931
See also Samaritans; Ephraim (PERSON); Daliyeh, Wadi ed-
Samaria the City + 5:914-921 Purvis, James D.
Samaria Ostraca + 5:921-926 Kaufman, Ivan T.
Archaeological Survey of the Region + 5:926-931 Dar, Shimon; Erez, Menahem (trans.)
Papyri + 5:931-932 Gropp, Douglas M.
Samaritan Pentateuch + 5:932-940 Waltke, Bruce K.
Samaritans + 5:940-947 Anderson, Robert T.
Samek 5:947
Samgar-Nebo (PERSON) + 5:947-948 Dalglish, Edward R.
Samlah (PERSON) + 5:948 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Sammuniyeh, Khirbet. See Shimron (PLACE) 5:948
Samos (PLACE) 5:948 Wineland, John D.
Samothrace (PLACE) 5:949 Thorsen, Donald A. D.
Sampsames (PLACE) + 5:949 White, Sidnie Ann
ABD Article Index
87
Samra, Khirbet es- (M.R. 221086) + 5:949-950 Humbert, Jean-Baptiste
Samson (PERSON) + 5:950-954 Crenshaw, James L.
Samson, Wife of 5:954 Exum, J. Cheryl
Samu‘, es-. See Eshtemoa (PLACE)
Samuel (PERSON) + 5:954-957 Ramsey, George W.
Samuel, Book of 1-2: 5:957-973
Text; Compostion and Content + 5:957-965 Flanagan, James W.
Narrative and Theology + 5:965-973 Brueggemann, Walter
Sanballat (PERSON) + 5:973-975 Williamson,
,H. G. M.
Sanctuaries. See Temples and Sanctuaries
Sanhedrin + 5:975-980 Saldarini, Anthony J.
Sansannah (PLACE) 5:980 Brodsky, Harold
Sant, Wadi ed-. See Elah, Valley of
Sapardians. See Ivvah
Saph (PERSON) + 5:980 Dempster, Stephen G.
Sapphira (PERSON) + 5:980-981 O’Toole, Robert F.
Sarah (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:981-982 Yee, Gale A.
Saraph (PERSON) 5:982 Smith, David Channing
Sarasadai (PERSON). See Zurishaddai
Sardis (PLACE) + 5:982-984 Pedley, John Griffiths
Sarea (PERSON) 5:984 Han, Jin Hee
Sargon (PERSON) 5:984-985 Grayson, A. Kirk
Sarid (PLACE) 5:985 Greenberg, Raphael
Sarothie (PERSON) + 5:985 Bowman, Craig D.
Sarsechim (PERSON) 5:985 Bracke, John M.
Sarta, ‘Izbet. See ‘Izbet Sarta (M.R. 146167)
Satan + 5:985-989 Hamilton, Victor P.
Sathrabuzanes (PERSON) 5:989
Satrap 5:989 Young, T. Cuyler, Jr.
Saul (PERSON) + 5:989-999 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Savior, Dialogue of the. See Dialogue of the Savior (NHC III,5)
Saweh, Tell es-. See Jeshua (PLACE)
Sayings of Jesus, Oxyrhynchus + 5:999-1001 Brown, S. Kent
Scab. See Leprosy; Sickness and Disease
Scallops. See Zoology
Scandinavian School: 5:1001-1004
OT Studies + 5:1001-1002 Ringgren, Helmer
NT Studies + 5:1002-1004 Hartman, Lars
Scarab. See Jewelry
Sceva (PERSON) + 5:1004 Gasque, W. Ward
Scholarship, Biblical (Japan). See Biblical Scholarship, Japanese
School of Shammai. See Shammai, School of
Schools. See Education
Schools, Hellenistic + 5:1005-1011 Alexander, Loveday C. A.
Scorpion. See Zoology
Screen 5:1011 Meyers, Carol
Scribal Emendations + 5:1011-1012 Revell, E. J.
Scribes + 5:1012-1016 Saldarini, Anthony J.
Script, Aramaic. See Aramaic Script
Scriptural Authority: 5:1017-1056
Biblical Authority in Judaism 5:1017-1021 Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe
Biblical Authority in Eastern Orthodoxy + 5:1021-1023 Stylianopoulos, Theodore
Biblical Authority in Roman Catholicism + 5:1023-1026 Fogarty, Gerald P.
Biblical Authority in the Early Church + 5:1026-1028 Greer, Rowan A.
Biblical Authority in the Medieval Church + 5:1028-1032 Van Engen, John
Biblical Authority and the Protestant Reformation + 5:1032-1035 McKim, Donald K.
Biblical Authority in the Wake of the Enlightenment + 5:1035-1049 Reventlow, Henning Graf
Biblical Authority in the Post-Critical Period + 5:1049-1056 Brueggemann, Walter
Sculptured Stones. See Idol, Idolatry
Scurvy. See Sickness and Disease
ABD Article Index
88
Scythe. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Scythians + 5:1056-1057 Rubinson, Karen S.
Scythopolis (PLACE). See also Beth-Shan 5:1058
Sea + 5:1058-1059 Follis, Elaine R.
Sea Gull. See Zoology
Sea of Glass, Glassy Sea + 5:1059 Watson, Duane F.
Sea Peoples + 5:1059-1061 Singer, Itmar
Sea, Molten + 5:1061-1062 Meyers, Carol
Seals, Mesopotamian + 5:1062-1064 Magness-Gardiner, Bonnie S.
Season. See Calendars
Seba (PERSON) + 5:1064 Müller, Walter W.
Sebam (PLACE). See Sibmah 5:1064
Sebaoth. See Names of God in the OT 5:1065
Secacah (PLACE) + 5:1065 Kotter, Wade R.
Second Coming. See Parousia
Second Death. See Death, Second
Second Quarter (PLACE) + 5:1065 Herion, Gary A.
Second Treatise of the Great Seth. See Seth, Second Treatise of the Great (NHC VII,2)
Secret, Messianic. See Messianic Secret
Secu (PLACE) 5:1065 Willett, Tom Wayne
Secundus (PERSON) 5:1065 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Sedheq (DEITY) + 5:1065-1066 Handy, Lowell K.
Sedrach, Apocalypse of + 5:1066-1067 Charlesworth, James H.
Sefunim Caves (M.R. 238148) 5:1067-1068 Ronen, Avraham
Segub (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:1068 Hutton, Rodney R.
Seilun, Khirbet (M.R. 177162). See also Shiloh (PLACE) + 5:1069-1072 Finkelstein, Israel
Seir (PERSON) + 5:1072 Reed, Stephen A.
Seir (PLACE) 1-2 + 5:1072-1073 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Seirah (PLACE) 5:1073 Ferch, Arthur J.
Sela (PLACE) 1-3+ 5:1073-1074 Fanwar, Wann Marbud
Selbit (M.R. 148141). See Shaalbim
Seled (PERSON) 5:1074 Steeger, William P.
Selemia (PERSON) 5:1074 Han, Jin Hee
Seleucia (PLACE) 5:1074-1076
Seleucia (PLACE) 1-3 + 5:1074-1075 Smith, Robert Wayne; Hoppe, Leslie J.
Seleucia (PLACE) 4 + 5:1075-1076 Hoppe, Leslie J.
Seleucids. See Seleucus; Palestine, Administration of (Seleucid); Antiochus
Seleucus (PERSON) 1-4 + 5:1076-1077 Whitehorne, John
Semachiah (PERSON) 5:1077 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Semantics + 5:1077-1081 Louw, Johannes P.
Semeia Source. See Signs/Semeia Source
Semein (PERSON) + 5:1081 Porter, Stanley E.
Semitic Languages. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Semitic Ostraca. See Ostraca, Semitic
Semiticisms in the NT + 5:1081-1086 Wilcox, Max
Senaah (PERSON) 5:1086 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Senate + 5:1086-1087 Hall, John F.
Senator + 5:1087 Hall, John F.
Seneca, Epistle of. See Paul and Seneca, Epistles of
Seneh (PLACE) 5:1087 White, Sidnie Ann
Senir (PLACE) + 5:1087-1088 Baker, David W.
Sennacherib (PERSON) + 5:1088-1089 Grayson, A. Kirk
Sentences of Sextus. See Sextus, Sentences of (NHC XII,1)
Seorim (PERSON) 5:1089 Berry, Donald K.
Sephar (PLACE) 5:1089 Oller, Gary H.
Sepharad (PLACE) + 5:1089-1090 Wineland, John D.
Sepharvaim (PLACE) + 5:1090 Avalos, Hector
Sepphoris (M.R. 176239) + 5:1090-1093 Strange, James F.
Septuagint + 5:1093-1104 Peters, Melvin K.H.
Sepulchre, Holy. See Holy Sepulchre, Church of the; Golgotha
ABD Article Index
89
Sera‘, Tel (M.R. 119088). See Ziklag (PLACE)
Serah (PERSON) 5:1104 Mariottini, Claude F.
Seraiah (PERSON) 1 + 5:1104-1105 Lundbom, Jack R.
Seraiah (PERSON) 2-11 + 5:1105 Berridge, John M.
Sered (PERSON) 5:1105 Mariottini, Claude F.
Serek Hayyahad. See Florilegium (4QFlor)
Sergius Paulus (PERSON). See Paulus, Sergius (PERSON)
Sermon on the Mount/Plain + 5:1106-1112 Betz, Hans Dieter
Seron (PERSON) + 5:1112-1113 Rappaport, Uriel
Serpent (Religious Symbol) + 5:1113-1116 Handy, Lowell K.
Serpent’s Stone + 5:1116-1117 Mare, W. Harold
Serpent, Bronze + 5:1117 Handy, Lowell K.
Serug (PERSON) + 5:1117-1118 Hess, Richard S.
Servants. See Slavery
Sesthel (PERSON) 5:1118
Seth (PERSON) + 5:1118 Hess, Richard S.
Seth, Second Treatise of the Great (NHC VII,2) + 5:1118-1119 Wisse, Frederik
Seth, Three Steles of (NHC VII,5) + 5:1119-1120 Goehring, James E.
Sethur (PERSON) 5:1120 Brensinger, Terry L.
Settlement of Canaan + 5:1120-1143 Halpern, Baruch
Seven Churches + 5:1143-1144 Watson, Duane F.
Sex and Sexuality + 5:1144-1146 Frymer-Kensky, Tikva
Sextus, Sentences of (NHC XII,1) + 5:1146-1147 Wisse, Frederik
Sexual Impurites. See Discharge
Shaalbim (PLACE) 5:1147 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Shaalbon (PLACE) 5:1147
Shaalim (PLACE) 5:1147 White, Sidnie Ann
Shaaph (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:1147-1148 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Shaaraim (PLACE) 1-2 + 5:1148 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Shaashgaz (PERSON) 5:1148 Wiebe, John M.
Shabbat. See Sabbath
Shabbethai (PERSON) 5:1148 Brensinger, Terry L.
Shaddai. See Almighty, God in the OT
Shadow + 5:1148-1150 van der Horst, Peiter W.
Shadrach, Meshach, Abednego (PERSONS) 5:1150 Coxon, Peter W.
Shagee (PERSON) + 5:1150 Pisano, Stephen
Shahar (DEITY) + 5:1150-1151 Meier, Samuel A.
Shaharaim (PERSON) 5:1151-1152 Willett, Tom Wayne
Shahazumah (PLACE) + 5:1152 White, Sidnie Ann
Shakers. See Music and Musical Instruments
Shalem (DEITY) + 5:1152-1153 Handy, Lowell K.
Shalishah (PLACE) 5:1153 Dyck, Elmer H.
Shallecheth Gate (PLACE) + 5:1153-1154 Liid, Dale C.
Shallum (PERSON) 1-14 5:1154 Althann, Robert
Shalma + 5:1154 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Shalmai (PERSON) + 5:1154-1155 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Shalman (PERSON) + 5:1155 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Shalmaneser (PERSON) 5:1155 Grayson, A. Kirk
Shama (PERSON) + 5:1155 Fuller, Russell
Shamgar (PERSON) + 5:1155-1156 Boling, Robert G.
Shamhuth (PERSON) + 5:1156 Duke, Rodney K.
Shamir (PERSON) 5:1156-1157 Berry, Donald K.
Shamir (PLACE) 1-2 + 5:1157 Kotter, Wade R.
Shamlai (PERSON). See also Shalmai (PERSON) 5:1157
Shamma (PERSON) + 5:1157 O’Brien, Julia M.
,Shammah (PERSON) 1-4 5:1157 Hübner, Ulrich
Shammai (PERSON) 1-3 5:1157 Lo, Hing Choi
Shammai, School of + 5:1158 Goldenberg, Robert
Shammoth (PERSON) 5:1158 Pisano, Stephen
Shammua (PERSON) 1-4 5:1158 Howard, David M., Jr.
ABD Article Index
90
Shamsherai (PERSON) 5:1159 Willett, Tom Wayne
Shapham (PERSON) 5:1159 Graham, M. Patrick
Shaphan (PERSON) 1-2 5:1159 Kennedy, James M.
Shaphat (PERSON) 1-6 5:1159-1160 Graham, M. Patrick
Shaphir (PLACE) + 5:1160 Luker, Lamontte M.
Sharai (PERSON) 5:1160 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Sharar (PERSON) + 5:1160 Dempster, Stephen G.
Sharezer (PERSON) 1-2 5:1160-1161 Grayson, A. Kirk
Sharon (PLACE) 1-2 + 5:1161-1163 Weeks, Harry R.
Sharuhen (PLACE) + 5:1163-1165 Liwak, Rüdiger
Shashai (PERSON) 5:1165 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Shashak (PERSON) 5:1165 Willett, Tom Wayne
Shasu + 5:1165-1167 Ward, William A.
Shaul (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:1167 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Shaveh, Valley of (PLACE) + 5:1168 Astour, Michael C.
Shaveh-Kiriathaim (PLACE) 5:1168 Astour, Michael C.
Shavsha (PERSON) 5:1168 Dempster, Stephen G.
Shavuoth. See Weeks, Festival of
Sheal (PERSON) 5:1168-1169 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Shealtiel (PERSON) 5:1169 Fuller, Russell
Shear-Jashub (PERSON) 5:1169 Jensen, Joseph
Sheariah (PERSON) + 5:1169 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Shearing. See Zoology
Sheath. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Sheba (PERSON) 1 + 5:1169-1170 Ricks, Stephen D.
Sheba (PERSON) 2-3 + 5:1170 Nysse, Richard W.
Sheba (PLACE) + 5:1170 Williams, David Salter
Sheba, Queen of (PERSON) + 5:1170-1171 Ricks, Stephen D.
Shebaniah (PERSON) 1-4 5:1171 Brensinger, Terry L.
Shebarim (PLACE) + 5:1171-1172 Irwin, Brian P.
Shebat. See Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish)
Sheber (PERSON) 5:1172 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Shebna (PERSON) + 5:1172-1173 Hobbs, T. R.
Shebuel (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:1173 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Shecaniah (PERSON) 1-8 5:1173-1174 Fuller, Russell
Shechem (PERSON) 1-3 + 5:1174 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Shechem (PLACE) + 5:1174-1186 Toombs, Lawrence E.
Shechem, Tower of (PLACE) + 5:1186-1187 Zertal, Adam
Shedeur (PERSON) 5:1187 Launderville, Dale F.
Sheep, Shepherd + 5:1187-1190 Vancil, Jack W.
Sheerah (PERSON) 5:1190-1191 Davis, M. Stephen
Shehariah (PERSON) 5:1191 Willett, Tom Wayne
Sheikh Abu Zarad (PLACE). See Tappuah (PLACE); Tephon (PLACE)
Shekel. See also Coinage; Weights and Measures 5:1191
Shelah (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:1191 Hess, Richard S.
Shelah, Pool of (PLACE) + 5:1191 Hess, Richard S.
Shelemiah (PERSON) 1-9 + 5:1191-1192 Dalglish, Edward R.
Sheleph (PERSON) + 5:1192-1193 Müller, Walter W.
Shelesh (PERSON) + 5:1193 O’Brien, Julia M.
Shelomi (PERSON) + 5:1193 Panitz, Raphael I.
Shelomith (PERSON) 1-5 5:1193 Fuller, Russell
Shelomoth (PERSON) 1-5 5:1193-1194 Berry, Donald K.
Shelumiel (PERSON) 5:1194 Launderville, Dale F.
Shem (PERSON) 5:1194-1195 Isaac, Ephraim
Shem, Paraphrase of (NHC VII,1) + 5:1195-1196 Wisse, Frederik
Shem, Treatise of + 5:1196-1197 Charlesworth, James H.
Shema (PERSON) 1-4 5:1197 Brensinger, Terry L.
Shema (PLACE) + 5:1197 Axelsson, Lars A.
Shema‘, Khirbet (M.R. 191264) + 5:1197-1198 Meyers, Eric M.
Shemaah (PERSON) + 5:1198-1199 Dillard, Raymond B.
ABD Article Index
91
Shemaiah (PERSON) 1-29 + 5:1199-1201 Althann, Robert
Shemariah (PERSON) 1-4 5:1201 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Shemeber (PERSON) 5:1201 Astour, Michael C.
Shemed (PERSON) 5:1201 Willett, Tom Wayne
Shemer (PERSON) 1-3 + 5:1201-1202 Willett, Tom Wayne
Shemida (PERSON) + 5:1202 Graham, M. Patrick
Shemiramoth (PERSON) 1-2 5:1202 Dillard, Raymond B.
Shemuel (PERSON) 1-2 5:1202-1203 Panitz, Raphael I.
Shenazzar (PERSON) + 5:1203 Fuller, Russell
Sheol. See Dead, Abode of the
Shepham (PLACE) 5:1203 White, Sidnie Ann
Shephatiah (PERSON) 1-9 + 5:1203 Berridge, John M.
Shephelah (PLACE) + 5:1204 Brodsky, Harold
Shepher, Mount (PLACE) 5:1204 White, Sidnie Ann
Shepherd. See Sheep, Shepherd
Shepherd of Hermas. See Hermas’ the Shepherd
Shepho (PERSON) + 5:1204-1205 Matthews, Victor H.
Shephupham (PERSON) + 5:1205 Graham, M. Patrick
Sherd. See Pottery
Sherebiah (PERSON) 1-3 + 5:1205-1207 Shearer, Rodney H.
Sheresh (PERSON) 5:1207 Graham, M. Patrick
Sheshai (PERSON) + 5:1207 Lowery, Kirk E.
Sheshan (PERSON) + 5:1207 Steeger, William P.
Sheshbazzar (PERSON) + 5:1207-1209 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Sheth (PERSON) 5:1209 Hutton, Rodney R.
Shethar (PERSON) + 5:1209-1210 Bush, Frederic W.
Shethar-Bozenai (PERSON) + 5:1210 Suiter, David E.
Sheva (PERSON) 1-2 + 5:1210 Pisano, Stephen
Shibah (PLACE) 5:1210 Baker, David W.
Shibboleth + 5:1210-1212 Rendsburg, Gary A.
Shihor (PLACE) + 5:1212 Betz, Arnold
Shihor-Libnath (PLACE) + 5:1212-1213 Frankel, Rafael
Shikkeron (PLACE) 5:1213 Kotter, Wade R.
Shilhi (PERSON) 5:1213 Walsh, Jerome T.
Shilhim (PLACE) + 5:1213 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Shillem (PERSON) 5:1213 Mariottini, Claude F.
Shiloah, Waters of (PLACE). See Siloam, Pool of (PLACE)
Shiloh (PLACE). See also Seilun, Khirbet + 5:1213-1215 Halpern, Baruch
Shilonite 1-2 5:1215-1216 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Shilshah (PERSON) + 5:1216 O’Brien, Julia M.
Shimea (PERSON) 1-4 5:1216 Howard, David M., Jr.
Shimeah (PERSON) 1-2 5:1216 Howard, David M., Jr.
Shimeath (PERSON) 5:1216 Lowery, Kirk E.
Shimeathites 5:1216 Kennedy, James M.
Shimeeah (PERSON). See Shimeah (PERSON)
Shimei (PERSON) 1-16 + 5:1216-1217 Propp, William H.
Shimeon (PERSON) 5:1217 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Shimon (PERSON) 5:1217
Shimrath (PERSON) 5:1217-1218 Willett, Tom Wayne
Shimri (PERSON) + 5:1218 Uitti, Roger W.
Shimrith (PERSON) 5:1218 Lowery, Kirk E.
Shimron (PERSON) 5:1218 Mariottini, Claude F.
Shimron (PLACE) 5:1218-1219 Benjamin, Paul
Shimron-Meron (PLACE) 1 5:1219 Kutsko, John F.
Shimron-Meron (PLACE) 2 + 5:1219 Fritz, Volkmar
Shimshai (PERSON) + 5:1219 Suiter, David E.
Shin 5:1219
Shinab (PERSON) + 5:1219-1220 Astour, Michael C.
Shinar (PLACE) + 5:1220 Davila, James R.
Shion (PLACE) + 5:1220 Baker, David W.
ABD Article Index
92
Shiphi (PERSON) 5:1220 Evans, Craig A.
Shiphmite 5:1220-1221 Nysse, Richard W.
Shiphrah (PERSON) + 5:1221 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Shiptan (PERSON) 5:1221 Panitz, Raphael I.
Shisha (PERSON). See also Seraiah(PERSON) 1; Shavsha; Sheva 5:1221
Shishak (PERSON) + 5:1221-1222 Redford, Donald B.
sh*trai (PERSON) 5:1222 Nysse, Richard W.
sh*ttah Tree. See Flora
sh*ttim (PLACE) + 5:1222-1223 Slayton, Joel C.
Shiza (PERSON) + 5:1223 Fuller, Russell
Shoa (PERSON) + 5:1223 Allen, Leslie C.
Shobab (PERSON) 1-2 5:1223 Howard, David M., Jr.
Shobach (PERSON) + 5:1223-1224 Bailey, Randall C.
Shobai (PERSON) 5:1224 Swanson, Steven R.
Shobal (PERSON) 1-3 + 5:1224 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Shobek (PERSON) 5:1224 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Shobi (PERSON) + 5:1224-1225 Dempster, Stephen G.
Shoham (PERSON) 5:1225 Berry, Donald K.
Shomer (PERSON) + 5:1225 O’Brien, Julia M.
Shophach (PERSON). See Shobach (PERSON)
Shovel 5:1225 Meyers, Carol
Shua (PERSON) + 5:1225 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Shuah (PERSON) + 5:1225-1226 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Shual (PERSON) + 5:1226 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Shual (PLACE) + 5:1226-1227 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Shubael (PERSON). See Shebuel
Shuhah (PERSON) 5:1227 Lo, Hing Choi
Shuham (PERSON) 5:1227 de Groot van Houten, Christina
Shuhite. See Shuah
Shulammite + 5:1227 Huwiler, Elizabeth F.
Shumathite 5:1227 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Shuna (North), Tell esh- (M.R. 207224) + 5:1227-1228 Gustavson-Gaube, Carrie
Shunem (PLACE) + 5:1228-1229 Huwiler, Elizabeth F.
Shuni (PERSON) 5:1229 Mariottini, Claude F.
Shuphamites. See Shephupham
Shuppim (PERSON) 1-3 + 5:1229 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Shuqba Cave (M.R. 154154) 5:1229-1230 Bar-Yosef, Ofer
Shur, Wilderness of (PLACE) + 5:1230 Seely, David R.
Shuthelah (PERSON) + 5:1230 Davis, M. Stephen
Sia (PERSON) + 6:1 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Sibbecai (PERSON) 6:1 Duke, Rodney K.
Sibboleth. See Shibboleth
Sibmah (PLACE) + 6:1-2 Franklyn,
,Paul Nimrah
Sibraim (PLACE) + 6:2 Avalos, Hector
Sibylline Oracles + 6:2-6 Collins, John J.
Sickness and Disease + 6:6-15 Sussman, Max
Sicyon (PLACE) + 6:15 Stambaugh, John E.
Siddim, Valley of (PLACE) + 6:15-16 Astour, Michael C.
Side (PLACE) + 6:16-17 Thompson, Henry O.
Sidon (PERSON) 6:17 Schmitz, Philip C.
Sidon (PLACE) + 6:17-18 Schmitz, Philip C.
Siege Mound. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Sigloi. See Coinage
Sigma 6:18
Signet. See Jewelry, Ancient Israelite; Seals, Mesopotamian
Signs/Semeia Source + 6:18-22 Fortna, Robert T.
Sihon (PERSON) + 6:22 Slayton, Joel C.
Silas (PERSON) + 6:22-23 Gillman, John L.
Silla (PLACE) 6:23 Liid, Dale C.
Siloam Inscription + 6:23-24 Coote, Robert B.
ABD Article Index
93
Siloam, Pool of (PLACE) + 6:24-26 Mare, W. Harold
Silvanus (PERSON). See Silas (PERSON)
Silvanus, Teachings of (NHC VII,4). See Teachings of Silvanus (NHC VII,4)
Silver. See Jewelry, Ancient Israelite
Silversmith, Demetrius the. See Demetrius (PERSON)
Simeon (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:26 Jeansonne, Sharon Pace
Simeon (PERSON) 3-6 + 6:26-28 Porter, Stanley E.
Simile. See Psalms, Book of
Simon (PERSON) 1-4 6:28 Carroll, Scott T.
Simon (PERSON) 5 6:28-29 Rappaport, Uriel
Simon (PERSON) 6-12 6:29 Carroll, Scott T.
Simon (PERSON) 13 + 6:29-31 Stoops, Robert F., Jr.
Simon (PERSON) 14-17 6:31 Carroll, Scott T.
Simon Peter (DISCIPLE). See Peter (PERSON)
Sin 6:31
Sin, Sinners: 6:31-47
(Old Testament) + 6:31-40 Cover, Robin C.
(New Testament) + 6:40-47 Sanders, E. P.
Sin, Wilderness of (PLACE) + 6:47 Seely, David R.
Sinai, Mount (PLACE) + 6:47-49 Davies, G. I.
Sinaiticus, Codex. See Codex (Sinaiticus)
Sinaiticus, Syrus + 6:49-50 Charlesworth, James H.
Sinites + 6:50-51 Baker, David W.
Sinuhe, Tale of + 6:51 Foster, John L.
Siphmoth (PLACE) 6:51 Kotter, Wade R.
Sippai (PERSON). See Saph (PERSON)
Sippor, Tel (M.R. 125118) + 6:51 Biran, Avraham
Sirach, Book of Jesus Ben-. See Wisdom of Ben-Sira
Sirah, Cistern of (PLACE) 6:51 Willett, Tom Wayne
Sirion (PLACE) + 6:51-52 Baker, David W.
Sirocco. See Palestine, Climate of 6:52
Sisera (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:52-53 Hauser, Alan J.
Sisinnes (PERSON) + 6:53 Bowman, Craig D.
Sismai (PERSON) 6:53-54 Steeger, William P.
Sithri (PERSON) + 6:54 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Sitnah (PLACE) 6:54 Weitzman, Steven
Sivan. See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 6:54
Six Hundred and Sixty-Six + 6:54-55 Watson, Duane F.
Skepticism + 6:55-57 van der Toorn, Karel; Stadhouders, H.A.I.
Slave Girl at Philippi (PERSON) + 6:57-58 O’Toole, Robert F.
Slavery: 6:58-73
Ancient Near East + 6:58-62 Dandamayev, Muhammad A.
Old Testament + 6:62-65 Dandamayev, Muhammad A.
New Testament + 6:65-73 Bartchy, S. Scott
Sling. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Slothfulness. See Virtue/Vice Lists
Smuggling. See Trade and Commerce (ANE)
Smyrna (PLACE) + 6:73-75 Potter, David S.
Snail. See Zoology
Snake. See Zoology
Snares. See Zoology
Snuffers 6:75 Meyers, Carol
So (PERSON) + 6:75-76 Meltzer, Edmund S.
Sobata (M.R. 114032) + 6:76-79 Negev, Avraham
Sociology: 6:79-99
Sociology of Ancient Israel + 6:79-89 Gottwald, Norman K.
Sociology of Early Christianity + 6:89-99 Garrett, Susan R.
Socoh (PERSON) 6:99 Lance, H. Darrell
Socoh (PLACE) 1-4 + 6:99 Lance, H. Darrell
Socrates + 6:99 Betz, Hans Dieter
ABD Article Index
94
Sodi (PERSON) 6:99 Paulien, Jon
Sodom and Gomorrah (PLACE) + 6:99-103 Mulder, Martin Jan
Sodom, Sea of (PLACE). See Salt Sea (PLACE) 6:103
Sojourner + 6:103-104 Spencer, John R.
Solem (PLACE). See Shunem (PLACE)
Solomon (PERSON) + 6:105-113 Ishida, Tomoo
Solomon’s Portico (PLACE) 6:113 Smith, Robert Wayne
Solomon’s Servants + 6:113-114 Healey, Joseph P.
Solomon, Odes of + 6:114-115 Charlesworth, James H.
Solomon, Psalms of + 6:115-117 Trafton, Joseph L.
Solomon, Song of. See Song of Songs, Book of
Solomon, Testament of + 6:117-119 Duling, Dennis C.
Solomon, Wisdom of + 6:120-127 Winston, David
Son. See Family
Son of God + 6:128-137 Fossum, Jarl
Son of Man + 6:137-150 Nickelsburg, George W. E.
Song of Songs, Book of + 6:150-155 Murphy, Roland E.
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice + 6:155-156 Newsom, Carol A.
Sons of God + 6:156-159 Byrne, Brendan
Soothsayer. See Magic (OT)
Sopater (PERSON) 6:159 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Sophereth (PERSON) + 6:159 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Sophia of Jesus Christ (NHC III,4). See Eugnostos and the Sophia of Jesus Christ
Sorcerer, Sorcery. See Magic (OT); Punishments and Crimes
Soreg. See Temple, Jerusalem
Sorek, Valley of (PLACE) 6:159-160 Ferris, Paul Wayne, Jr.
Sores. See Sickness and Disease
Sosipater (PERSON) 1-2 6:160 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Sosthenes (PERSON) 6:160 Setzer, Claudia J.
Sostratus (PERSON) + 6:160 Hardwick, Michael E.
Sotai (PERSON) + 6:160-161 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Soul, Exegesis on the. See Exegesis on the Soul (NHC II,6)
Souls, Pre-existence of + 6:161 Brown, S. Kent
Source Criticism: 6:162-171
Old Testament + 6:162-165 John Barton
New Testament + 6:165-171 Koch, Dietrich-Alex
South 6:171 Drinkard, Joel F., Jr.
South Arabia, Religion of + 6:171-176 Ryckmans, Jacques
South Arabic Languages. See Languages (Pre-Islamic South Arabia)
Spain (PLACE) + 6:176 Heard, Warren J., Jr.
Span. See Weights and Measures
Sparrow. See Zoology
Sparta (PLACE) + 6:176-177 Heard, Warren J., Jr.
Speech Impediment. See Sickness and Disease
Spice. See Perfumes and Spices
Spider. See Zoology
Spikenard. See Flora
Spirits in Prison + 6:177-178 Bauckham, Richard
Spiritual Gifts. See Gifts, Spiritual
Squid. See Zoology
Stable, Stables + 6:178-183 Holladay, John S., Jr.
Stachys (PERSON) 6:183 Lampe, Peter
Stadia. See Weights and Measures
Stag. See Zoology
Stairs of the City of David (PLACE) + 6:183-184 Liid, Dale C.
Stamps, Royal Jar Handle + 6:184-185 Lance, H. Darrell
Stardisks. See Jewelry
Statistical Research on the Bible + 6:185-206 Forbes, A. Dean
Steles of Seth. See Seth, Three Steles of (NHC VII,5)
Stephanas (PERSON) + 6:206-207 Gillman, John L.
ABD Article Index
95
Stephen (PERSON) + 6:207-210 Boismard, M.-É.; Prendergast, Terrence (trans.)
Stirrup. See Zoology
Stoics, Stoicism + 6:210-214 Schmeller, Thomas
Stoning. See Punishments and Crimes; Stephen
Storax-Gum. See Perfumes and Spices
Stork. See Zoology
Storm God, Semitic. See Hadad (DEITY)
Strangling. See Punishments and Crimes
Straton’s Tower (PLACE). See Caesarea (PLACE)
Stroke. See Sickness and Disease
Structuralism + 6:214-217 John Barton
Suah (PERSON) + 6:217 O’Brien, Julia M.
Subas (PERSON) + 6:217 Bowman, Craig D.
Sucathites 6:217 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Succession Narrative. See Court Narrative
Succoth (PLACE) 1-2 + 6:217-218 Seely, Jo Ann H.
Succoth-Benoth (DEITY) + 6:218 Herion, Gary A.
Sud (PLACE) 6:218-219 Herion, Gary A.
Sudias (PERSON) 6:219
Suetonius (PERSON) + 6:219 Rufe, Joan Brueggeman
Suffering + 6:219-225 Simundson, Daniel J.
Suicide + 6:225-231 Droge, Arthur J.
Sukkoth. See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 6:231
Sumer, Sumerians + 6:231-234 Cooper, Jerrold S.
Sumerian Literature + 6:234-237 Hallo, William W.
Sun + 6:237-239 van der Toorn, Karel
Sun, City of the (PLACE) + 6:239 Schmitt, John J.
Sunstroke. See Sickness and Disease
Superstition + 6:239-241 Hodgson, Robert, Jr.
Suph (PLACE) + 6:241 Huddlestun, John R.
Suphah (PLACE) + 6:241-242 Huddlestun, John R.
Supper, Last. See Last Supper, The
Supper, Lord’s. See Lord’s Supper, The
Sur (PLACE) 6:242 White, Sidnie Ann
Sur Gate (PLACE) + 6:242 Liid, Dale C.
Surety. See Law, Biblical and Ancient Near East; Debts
Susa (PLACE) + 6:242-245 de Miroschedji, Pierre
Susanna (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:245-246 Witherington, Ben, III
Susanna, Book of + 6:246-247 Dayagi Mendels, Michal
Susi (PERSON) 6:247
,Brensinger, Terry L.
Susiya, Khirbet (M.R. 159090) + 6:247-250 Negev, Avraham
Swallow. See Zoology
Swift. See Zoology
Swine. See Zoology; Meal Customs (Jewish Dietary Laws)
Sword. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Sycamine. See Flora
Sycamore Fig. See Flora
Sychar (PLACE). See Jacob’s Well
Syene (PLACE) + 6:250 Betz, Arnold
Syllabic, Byblos. See Languages (Byblos Syllabic Inscriptions)
Symmachus, Symmachus’s Version + 6:251 Greenspoon, Leonard J.
Synagogal Prayers, Hellenistic. See Prayers, Hellenistic Synagogal
Synagogue: 6:251-263
Introductory Survey + 6:251-260 Meyers, Eric M.
Diaspora Synagogues + 6:260-263 Hachlili, Rachel
Synagogue of the Freedman. See Freedman, Synagogue of the
Synagogue, Rulers of the. See Rulers of the Synagogue
Synoptic Problem + 6:263-270 Tuckett, C. M.
Syntyche (PERSON) 6:270 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Syracuse (PLACE) + 6:270-271 Betz, Arnold
ABD Article Index
96
Syria (PLACE): 6:271-281
Prehistoric Syria 6:271-274 Cauvin, Jacques; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Bronze Age and Iron Age Syria + 6:274-281 Dorneman, Rudolph H.
Syriac Language. See Language (Introductory Survey); Language (Aramaic)
Syriac Menander + 6:281-282 Baarda, Tjitze
Syriac Psalms. See Psalms, Syriac (Apocryphal)
Syriac Versions. See Versions, Ancient (Syriac Versions)
Syriacus, Codex. See Sinaiticus, Syrus
Syrian Christianity. See Christianity (In Syria)
Syro-Ephraimite War + 6:282-285 Cazelles, Henri
Syro-Hexapla + 6:285-286 Parker, D. C.
Syro-Palestinian Archaeology. See Archaeology, Syro-Palestinian and Biblical
Syro-Phoenician Woman (PERSON) + 6:286 Witherington, Ben, III
Syrtis (PLACE) 6:286 Olson, Mark J.
Taanach (PLACE) + 6:287-290 Glock, Albert E.
Taanath-Shiloh (PLACE) + 6:290-291 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Tabbaoth (PERSON) + 6:291 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Tabbath (PLACE) + 6:291-292 Thompson, Henry O.
Tabeel (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:292 Hull, John H., Jr.
Taberah (PLACE) 6:292 Baker, David W.
Tabernacle + 6:292-300 Friedman, Richard Elliott
Tabernacles, Festival of. See Booths, Feast of
Tabgha (M.R. 200251) + 6:300-302 Rosenthal-Heginbottom, Renate
Table Fellowship + 6:302-304 Smith, Dennis E.
Tables of the Law + 6:304 Begg, Christopher T.
Tablet. See Writing and Writing Materials
Tabor (PLACE) + 6:304 Frankel, Rafael
Tabor, Mount (PLACE) + 6:304-305 Frankel, Rafael
Tabor, Oak of (PLACE) 6:305 Wei, Tom F.
Tabrimmon (PERSON) 6:305 Viviano, Pauline A.
Tacitus (PERSON) 6:305-307 Carroll, Scott T.
Tadmor (PLACE) + 6:307 White, Sidnie Ann
Tahan (PERSON) + 6:307 Davis, M. Stephen
Tahash (PERSON) + 6:307 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Tahath (PERSON) 1-3 + 6:307-308 Davis, M. Stephen
Tahath (PLACE) 6:308 White, Sidnie Ann
Tahchemonite + 6:308 Thompson, David L.
Tahpanhes (PLACE) + 6:308-309 Jones, Richard N.; Fiema, Zbigniew T.
Tahpenes (PERSON) + 6:309 Viviano, Pauline A.
Tahrea (PERSON). See Tarea
Talent. See also Weights and Measures 6:309
Talionis. See Lex Talionis
Talitha Cumi 6:309-310 Wilcox, Max
Tallit. See also Dress and Ornamentation 6:310
Talmai (PERSON) 1-2 6:310 Raabe, Paul R.
Talmon (PERSON) + 6:310 Barnes, William Hamilton
Talmud + 6:310-315 Porton, Gary G.
Tamar (PERSON) 1-3 + 6:315 Oller, Gary H.
Tamar (PLACE) 6:315-316 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Tamara (M.R. 173048) + 6:316-317 Gichon, Mordechai
Tamarisk. See Flora
Tammuz. See also Calendar (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 6:316
Tammuz (DEITY) 6:318 Handy, Lowell K.
Tanakh 6:318
Tanhumeth (PERSON) 6:318-319 Bracke, John M.
Tanis (PLACE). See Zoan 6:319
Tanna, Tannaim + 6:319 Kraemer, David
Taphath (PERSON) 6:319 Schearing, Linda S.
Tappuah (PERSON) 6:319 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Tappuah (PLACE) 1-3 + 6:319-320 Kotter, Wade R.
ABD Article Index
97
Taralah (PLACE) + 6:320 White, Sidnie Ann
Tarea (PERSON) + 6:320 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Tares. See Flora
Targum, Targumim + 6:320-331 Alexander, Philip S.
Tarshish (PERSON) 1-3 + 6:331 Bush, Frederic W.
Tarshish (PLACE) + 6:331-333 Baker, David W.
Tarsus (PLACE) + 6:333-334 Gasque, W. Ward
Tartak (DEITY) + 6:334-335 Handy, Lowell K.
Tartan 6:335 Grayson, A. Kirk
Tassel. See Dress and Ornamentation
Tatian + 6:335-336 Edwards, O. C., Jr.
Tattenai (PERSON) + 6:336 Suiter, David E.
Tau 6:336
Taverner’s Bible. See Versions, English (Pre-1900)
Taverns, Three (PLACE). See Three Taverns
Taw 6:336
Tawilan (M.R. 196972) + 6:336-337 Hart, Stephen
Tax Collector + 6:337-338 Donahue, John R.
Tax Office + 6:338 Snell, Daniel C.
Taxes and Taxation + 6:338-340 Snell, Daniel C.
Teacher of Righteousness (Halachic Letter). See Miqsat Ma‘ase Hatorah (4QMMT)
Teachers of Righteousness + 6:340-341 Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome
Teachings of Silvanus (NHC VII,4) + 6:341-343 Schoedel, William R.
Tebah (PERSON) 6:343 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Tebaliah (PERSON) + 6:343 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Tebeth. See also Calendar (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 6:343
Tefillin. See Phylacteries
Tehillim. See Psalms, Book of
Tehinnah (PERSON) 6:343 Lo, Hing Choi
Tekoa (PLACE) + 6:343-344 Axelsson, Lars A.
Tel-Abib (PLACE) 6:344 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Tel-Assar (PLACE) + 6:344-345 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Tel-Harsha (PLACE) 6:345 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Tel-Melah (PLACE) 6:345 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Telah (PERSON) 6:345 Kennedy, James M.
Telaim (PLACE) 6:345 Dyck, Elmer H.
Teleilât el-Ghassûl. See Ghassul, Tuleilat el-
Telem (PERSON) 6:345-346 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Telem (PLACE). See Telaim
Telharsha (PLACE). See Tel-Harsha
Tell/Tel 6:346
Telmelah (PLACE). See Tel-Melah
Tema (PERSON) 6:346
Tema (PLACE) + 6:346-347 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Temah (PERSON) 6:347 Swanson, Steven R.
Teman (PERSON) + 6:347-348 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Temanite 6:348 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Temeni (PERSON) 6:348 Lo, Hing Choi
Temple of Olympian Zeus. See Olympian Zeus, Temple of
Temple Scroll + 6:348-350 Schiffman, Lawrence H.
Temple, Jerusalem 6:350-369 Meyers, Carol
Temples and Sanctuaries: 6:369-382
Egypt + 6:369-372 Ward, William A.
Mesopotamia + 6:372-376 Robertson, John F.
Syria-Palestine + 6:376-380 Dever, William G.
Greco-Roman Temples + 6:380-382 Cole, Susan Guettel
Temptation of Jesus + 6:382-383 Collins, Raymond F.
Ten Commandments + 6:383-387 Collins, Raymond F.
Ten Lost Tribes. See Lost Tribes, The
Tenons 6:387 Meyers, Carol
ABD Article Index
98
Tent of Meeting. See Tabernacle
Tenth Part (of an Ephah). See Weights and Measures
Tephon (PLACE) + 6:387 Kampen, John
Terah (PERSON) + 6:387-388 Hess, Richard S.
Terah (PLACE) 6:388 Hess, Richard S.
Terebinth. See Flora
Teresh (PERSON) 6:388 Bedford, Peter
Terqumiyeh. See Iphtah (PLACE)
Terror on Every Side + 6:388-389 Bracke, John M.
Tertius (PERSON) 6:389 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Tertullian + 6:389-391 Groh, Dennis E.
Tertullus (PERSON) + 6:391 Martin, Thomas W.
Testimonia (4QTestim) + 6:391-392 Brooke, George J.
Testimony of Truth. See Truth, Testimony of (NHC IX, 3)
Tet 6:392
Tetragrammaton in the New Testament 6:392-393 Howard, George E.
Tetrarch. See Palestine, Administration of (Roman)
Tetter. See Leprosy
Texts. See Ebla Texts; Hittite Texts and Literature; Mari (Texts); Nag Hammadi Codices; Ugarit (Texts and Literature); and
Wadi Murabbaat (Texts). See also Letters; and Epigraphy, Transjordanian
Textual Criticism: 6:393-435
Old Testament + 6:393-412 Tov, Emanuel
New Testament + 6:412-435 Epp, Eldon Jay
Textual Glosses. See Glosses, Textual
Textus Receptus + 6:435 Revell, E. J.
Thaddeus (PERSON) 6:435 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Thaddeus, Acts of. See Abgar, Epistle of Christ to
Thamudic Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Thanksgiving + 6:435-438 Wolff, Christian; Fuller, Reginald H. (trans.)
Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH) + 6:438-441 van der Minde, Hans-Jürgen; Callaway, Phillip R. (trans.)
Thanksgiving, The Prayer of (NHC VI,7) + 6:441 Jackson, Howard
,Tharra (PERSON) 6:441 Herion, Gary A.
Thassi 6:441-442 Rappaport, Uriel
Theater. See Art and Architecture
Thebes (PLACE) + 6:442-443 Redford, Donald B.
Thebez (PLACE) 6:443 Dyck, Elmer H.
Theft. See Punishments and Crimes (OT and ANE)
Thekla, Acts of + 6:443-444 MacDonald, Dennis Ronald
Theodicy + 6:444-447 Crenshaw, James L.
Theodotion, Theodotion’s Version + 6:447-448 Greenspoon, Leonard J.
Theodotus (PERSON) 1-5 6:448 Carroll, Scott T.
Theology: 6:448-483
Old Testament + 6:449-473 Lemke, Werner E.
New Testament + 6:473-483 Morgan, Robert
Theology (Biblical), History of + 6:483-505 Reventlow, Henning Graf; Cryer, Frederick (trans.)
Theophany in the OT + 6:505-511 Hiebert, Theodore
Theophilus (PERSON) + 6:511-512 O’Toole, Robert F.
Theophoric Names. See Names, Theophoric
Theories of Translation + 6:512-515 Nida, Eugene A.
Theras (PLACE). See Ahava (PLACE)
Thessalonians, First and Second Epistles to the + 6:515-523 Krentz, Edgar M.
Thessalonica (PLACE) + 6:523-527 Hendrix, Holland L.
Theta 6:527
Theudas (PERSON) + 6:527-528 Jefford, Clayton N.
Thiasos. See Associations, Clubs, Thiasoi
Thisbe (PLACE) 6:528 Herion, Gary A.
Thistle. See Flora
Thomas (PERSON) + 6:528-529 Collins, Raymond F.
Thomas the Contender, Book of (NHC II,7) + 6:529-530 Turner, John D.
Thomas, Acts of + 6:531-534 Attridge, Harold W.
ABD Article Index
99
Thomas, Apocalypse of + 6:534 Thomason, Dana Andrew
Thomas, Gospel of (NHC II,2) + 6:535-540 Cameron, Ron
Thomas, The Infancy Gospel of + 6:540-544 Mirecki, Paul Allan
Thorn. See Flora
Thought of Norea. See Norea, Thought of (NHC IX,2)
Thracia (PLACE) + 6:544 Heard, Warren J., Jr.
Three Steles of Seth. See Seth, Three Steles of (NHC VII,5)
Three Taverns (PLACE) 6:544 Wineland, John D.
Threshing. See Agriculture
Threshold + 6:544-545 Meyers, Carol
Throne, Hall of the (PLACE). See Judgement, Hall of (PLACE)
Thunder, Perfect Mind, The (NHC VI,2) + 6:545-546 Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen
Thutmose (PERSON). See Egypt, History of (New Kingdom: 18th-20th Dynasty)
Thyatira (PLACE) + 6:546 Stambaugh, John E.
Tiamat (DEITY) + 6:546-547 Handy, Lowell K.
Tiberias (PLACE) + 6:547-549 Strange, James F.
Tiberius (EMPEROR) 6:549-550 Carroll, Scott T.
Tibhath (PLACE) 6:550 Roth, Ray Lee
Tibni (PERSON) + 6:550-551 Cuffey, Kenneth Hugh
Tidal (PERSON) + 6:551-552 Astour, Michael C.
Tiglath-Pileser (PERSON) 6:552 Grayson, A. Kirk
Tikvah (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:552 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Tilon (PERSON) 6:552-553 Smith, David Channing
Timaeus (PERSON) 6:553 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Timna (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:553 Williams, David Salter
Timna‘ (PLACE) + 6:553-556 Manor, Dale W.
Timnah (PLACE) + 6:556-557 Kotter, Wade R.
Timnath (PLACE) + 6:557 Kampen, John
Timnath-Heres (PLACE) 6:557-558 Weeks, Harry R.
Timon (PERSON) + 6:558 Paulien, Jon
Timothy (PERSON) + 6:558-560 Gillman, John L.
Timothy and Titus, Epistles to + 6:560-571 Quinn, Jerome D.
Tiphsah (PERSON). See Tappuah (PERSON)
Tiphsah (PLACE) 1-2 6:571 Hull, John H., Jr.
Tiras (PERSON) + 6:571-572 Baker, David W.
Tirathites 6:572 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Tirhakah (PERSON) + 6:572-573 Redford, Donald B.
Tirhanah (PERSON) 6:573 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Tiria (PERSON) 6:573 Lo, Hing Choi
Tirzah (PERSON) 6:573 Taylor, Marion Ann ; Taylor, J. Glen
Tirzah (PLACE) + 6:573-577 Manor, Dale W.
Tishbe (PLACE) + 6:577-578 Walsh, Jerome T.
Tishbite 6:578 Walsh, Jerome T.
Tishri. See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 6:578
Titans 6:578 White, Sidnie Ann
Tithe + 6:578-580 Wilson, J. Christian
Titles, Divine. See Names of God in the OT
Titus (EMPEROR) + 6:580-581 Jones, Brian W.
Titus (PERSON) + 6:581-582 Gillman, John L.
Titus Manius (PERSON). See Manius, Titus (PERSON)
Titus, Epistle to. See Timothy and Titus, Epistles to
Tizite 6:582-583 Uitti, Roger W.
Toah (PERSON) 6:583 Willett, Tom Wayne
Tob (PLACE) + 6:583 Redditt, Paul L.
Tobadonijah (PERSON) + 6:583 Lowery, Kirk E.
Tobiah (PERSON) 1-3 + 6:584-585 Eskenazi, Tamara C.
Tobias (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:585 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Tobiel (PERSON) + 6:585 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Tobijah (PERSON) 1-2 6:585 Lowery, Kirk E.
Tobit, Book of + 6:585-594 Moore, Carey A.
ABD Article Index
100
Tochen (PLACE) 6:594 Kotter, Wade R.
Toga. See Dress and Ornamentation
Togarmah (PERSON) + 6:594-595 Baker, David W.
Toggle-Pin. See Jewelry, Ancient Israelite
Tohu (PERSON) 6:595 Petter, Gerald J.
Toi (PERSON) + 6:595 Pitard, Wayne T.
Tokhath (PERSON). See Kohath (PERSON)
Tola (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:595-596 Boling, Robert G.
Tolad (PLACE). See Eltolad
Tongues, Gift of + 6:596-600 Johnson, Luke Timothy
Tophel (PLACE) 6:600 Younker, Randall W.
Topheth (PLACE) + 6:600-601 Schmitz, Philip C.
Toponyms and Toponymy + 6:601-605 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Torah (Pentateuch) + 6:605-622 Friedman, Richard Elliott
Tou (PERSON). See Toi (PERSON)
Toubiani + 6:622 Redditt, Paul L.
Towers + 6:622-624 Banning, Edward B.
Town Clerk. See City Authorities
Trachonitis (PLACE) + 6:624-625 Smith, Robert Wayne
Trade and Commerce: 6:625-633
Ancient Near East + 6:625-629 Snell, Daniel C.
Roman Empire + 6:629-633 Sidebotham, Steven E.
Tradition History + 6:633-638 Knight, Douglas A.
Tradition of the Elders + 6:638-639 Setzer, Claudia J.
Trajan (EMPEROR) + 6:639-640 Jones, Brian W.
Trance. See Mysticism
Transfiguration + 6:640-642 Chilton, Bruce
Transjordan + 6:642-643 Thompson, Henry O.
Transjordanian Epigraphy. See Epigraphy, Transjordanian
Translation of the Bible. See Theories of Translation; Versions
Traps. See Zoology
Travel and Communication: 6:644-653
The Old Testament World + 6:644-648 Beitzel, Barry J.
The New Testament World + 6:648-653 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
Travelers, Valley of the (PLACE) + 6:653 Ferch, Arthur J.
Tray 6:653 Meyers, Carol
Treason. See Punishments and Crimes (OT and ANE)
Treaties in the ANE + 6:653-656 Barré, Michael L.
Treatise of Seth. See Seth, Second Treatise of the Great (NHC VII,2)
Treatise of Shem. See Shem, Treatise of
Treatise on the Resurrection. See Resurrection, Treatise on the (NHC I,4)
Tree of Knowledge and Tree of Life + 6:656-660 Wallace, Howard N.
Trial of Jesus + 6:660-663 Prendergast, Terrence
Tribe. See Family
Tribes, Lost. See Lost Tribes, The
Tribulation, The. See Millennium; Eschatology (Early Christian)
Tribute. See Taxes and Taxation
Trimorphic Protennoia (NHC XIII,1) + 6:663-664 Robinson, Gesine M.
Tripartite Tractate (NHC I,5) + 6:664-665 Attridge, Harold W.
Tripolis (PLACE) 6:665 Smith, Robert Wayne
Trismegistos (Hermes). See Hermes Trismegistos
Triumphal Entry. See Passion Narratives
Troas (PLACE) + 6:666-667 Yamauchi, Edwin M.
Trogyllium (PLACE) + 6:667 Heard, Warren J., Jr.
Trophimus (PERSON) + 6:667-668 Paulien, Jon
Trumpets. See Music and Musical Instruments
Truth, Gospel of (NHC I,3; XII,2) + 6:668 Brown, S. Kent
Truth, Testimony of (NHC IX,3) + 6:668-669 Pearson, Birger A.
Tryphaena and Tryphosa (PERSONS) 6:669 Lampe, Peter
Trypho (PERSON) + 6:669 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
ABD Article Index
101
Trypho, Dialogue with. See Justin Martyr
Tryphosa (PERSON). See Tryphaena and Tryphosa
Tubal (PERSON) + 6:670 Baker, David W.
Tubal-Cain (PERSON) + 6:670 Hess, Richard S.
Tubas (PLACE). See Thebez
Tuleilat el-Batashi (PLACE). See Batashi, Tuleilat el-
Tuleilat el-Ghassul. See Ghassul, Tuleilat el-
Tumors. See Sickness and Disease
Tunic. See Dress and Ornamentation
Turban. See Dress and Ornamentation
Turtledove. See Zoology
Twelve, The + 6:670-671 Collins, Raymond F.
Twined Linen + 6:671 Meyers, Carol
Two-Gospel Hypothesis + 6:671-679 Dungan, David L.
Two-Source Hyphothesis + 6:679-682 Boismard, M.-É.; Prendergast, Terrence (trans.)
Tychicus (PERSON) + 6:682 Gillman, John L.
Typology + 6:682-685 Alsup, John E.
Tyrannus (PERSON) + 6:686 Yamauchi,
,Edwin M.
Tyre (PLACE): 6:686-692
A-C 6:686-690 Katzenstein, H. J.
D Tyre in the Greco-Roman Period 6:690-691 Edwards, Douglas R.
Bibliography 6:691-692 Katzenstein, H. J.; Edwards, Douglas R.
Tyre, Ladder of. See Ladder of Tyre
Tyropoeon Valley (PLACE) 6:692 Smith, Robert Wayne
’Ubaid. See al ’Ubaid
Ubeidiya (M.R. 205232) 6:693 Bar-Yosef, Ofer
Ucal (PERSON) + 6:693-694 Berry, Donald K.
Udhruh (M.R. 207971) + 6:694 Killick, Alistair
Uel (PERSON) 6:694-695 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Ugarit (35º35'N; 35º45'E): 6:695-721
History and Archaeology + 6:695-706 Yon, Marguerite; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Texts and Literature + 6:706-721 Pardee, D. ; Bordreuil, Pierre
‘Ula, al- (PLACE). See Dedan (PLACE)
Ulai (PLACE) + 6:721 Arnold, Bill T.
Ulam (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:721-722 Graham, M. Patrick
Ulcer. See Sickness and Disease
Ulla (PERSON) 6:722 O’Brien, Julia M.
‘Umeiri, Tell el- (M.R. 234142) + 6:722-724 Geraty, Lawrence T.; Herr, Larry G.
Umm al-Biyara (M.R. 191970) + 6:724-725 Hart, Stephen
Umm el-Jimal (39º19'N; 36º22'E) + 6:725-728 de Vries, Bert
Ummah (PLACE) 6:728 White, Sidnie Ann
Unclean and Clean: 6:729-745
Old Testament + 6:729-741 Wright, David P.
New Testament + 6:741-745 Hübner, Hans; Thomas, Ronald B., Jr. (trans.)
Underworld. See Dead, Abode of the; Hades, Hell; Descent to the Underworld
Unforgivable Sin 6:745-746 Everts, Janet Meyer
Unity/Unity of Humanity + 6:746-753 Taylor, Walter F., Jr.
Universe. See Cosmogony, Cosmology
Unknown God, Inscription to the + 6:753-755 Wachob, Wesley Hiram
Unleavened Bread and Passover, Feasts of + 6:755-765 Bokser, Baruch M.
Unni (PERSON) 1-2 6:765 Dillard, Raymond B.
Unno (PERSON) 6:765 Kutsko, John F.
Uphaz (PLACE) + 6:765 Baker, David W.
Upper Gate (PLACE) + 6:765 Liid, Dale C.
Upsilon 6:766
Ur (PERSON) 6:766 Fuller, Russell
Ur (PLACE) + 6:766-767 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Urartian Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Urartu (PLACE). See Ararat (PLACE)
Urbanus (PERSON) 6:767 Lampe, Peter
ABD Article Index
102
Uri (PERSON) 1-3 + 6:767 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Uriah (PERSON) 1-6 + 6:767-769 Althann, Robert
Uriel (ANGEL) + 6:769 Newsom, Carol A.
Uriel (PERSON) 1-2 6:769-770 Dillard, Raymond B.
Usury. See Interest and Usury
Uthai (PERSON) 1-3 + 6:770 Shearer, Rodney H.
Uz (PLACE) + 6:770-771 Knauf, Ernst Axel
‘Uza, Horvat (M.R. 165068) + 6:771-775 Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq
Uzai (PERSON) 6:775 Ruffin, Michael L.
Uzal (PERSON) + 6:775-776 Müller, Walter W.
Uzzah (PERSON) 1-4 6:776 Thompson, David L.
Uzzen-Sheerah (PLACE) 6:776 Davis, M. Stephen
Uzzi (PERSON) 1-7 6:776-777 Hutton, Rodney R.
Uzzia (PERSON) + 6:777 Fuller, Russell
Uzziah (PERSON) 1 + 6:777-779 Kuntz, J. Kenneth
Uzziah (PERSON) 2-6 6:779 Perkins, Larry J.
Uzziel (PERSON) 1-6 + 6:779-780 Hutton, Rodney R.
Vaizatha (PERSON) + 6:781 Bedford, Peter
Valentinian Exposition (NHC XI,2) + 6:781-783 Turner, John D.
Valentinus + 6:783-784 Mirecki, Paul Allan
Valley Gate (PLACE) + 6:784-785 Liid, Dale C.
Vaniah (PERSON) 6:785 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Vashti (PERSON) + 6:785 McKenna, John E.
Vaticanus. See Codex (Codex Vaticanus)
Vegetables. See Flora
Veil. See Dress and Ornamentation
Veil of the Temple + 6:785-786 Meyers, Carol
Vengeance + 6:786-787 Pitard, Wayne T.
Verse, Hebrew. See Parallelism
Versions, Ancient. 6:787-813
See also Aquila’s Version; Aristeas, Letter of; Diatessaron; Hexapla of Origen; Septuagint; Symmachus, Symmachus’s
Version; Syro-Hexapla; Targum, Targumim; Theodotion, Theodotion’s Version; Vulgate; See also Textual Criticism;
Dead Sea Scrolls; Nag Hammadi; and Wadi Murabbaat. See also Languages
Introductory Survey + 6:787-793 Birdsall, James Neville
Greek Versions + 6:793-794 Greenspoon, Leonard J.
Syriac Versions + 6:794-799 Brock, Sebastian Paul
Latin Versions + 6:799-803 Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice
Coptic Versions + 6:803 Mills, Watson E.
Gothic Versions + 6:803-805 Birdsall, James Neville
Armenian Versions + 6:805-808 Alexanian, Joseph M.
Ethiopic Versions + 6:808-810 Zuurmond, Rochus
Georgian Versions + 6:810-813 Birdsall, James Neville
Versions, Catholic + 6:813-816 Collins, Raymond F.
Versions, English. 6:816-838
See also Theory of Translation; Versions, American; Versions, Catholic; Versions, Jewish; and Versions, Modern Era
Pre-1960 English Versions + 6:816-829 Lewis, Jack P.
Wycliffe’s Version + 6:830 Lewis, Jack P.
Authorized Versions + 6:830-832 Lewis, Jack P.
King James Version + 6:832-834 Lewis, Jack P.
American Versions + 6:834-838 Frerichs, Ernest S.
Versions, Jewish + 6:838-842 Orlinsky, Harry M.
Versions, Modern Era + 6:842-851 Grether, Herbert G.
Vespasian (EMPEROR) + 6:851-853 Milns, R.D.
Vessels. See Pottery
Vestibule. See Temple, Jerusalem
Vices. See Virtue/Vice Lists
Vine. See Flora
Viper. See Zoology
Virgin + 6:853-854 Schmitt, John J.
Virgin Mary. See Mary, Mother of Jesus
ABD Article Index
103
Virgin, Apocalypses of the + 6:854-856 Bauckham, Richard
Virgin, Assumption of the + 6:856-857 Esbroeck, Michel V.
Virtue/Vice Lists + 6:857-859 Fitzgerald, John T.
Vision. See Prophecy; Mysticism
Vophsi (PERSON) 6:859-860 Paulien, Jon
Vulgar Language. See Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
Vulgate + 6:860-862 Parker, D. C.
Vulture. See Zoology
Wadi 6:863
Wadi Murabbaat (M.R. 110185): 6:863-864
Archaeology + 6:863-864 Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome
Texts + 6:864 O’Brien, Julia M.
Wadi Musa (M.R. 196970) + 6:864-865 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Wafer 6:865 Meyers, Carol; Flesher, Paul V. M.
Waheb (PLACE) + 6:865 Ferch, Arthur J.
Wailing Wall. See Temple, Jerusalem
Walls. See Fortifications (Levant)
Wanting and Desiring + 6:866-867 Schunck, Klaus-Dietrich; Callaway, Phillip (trans.)
War and Warfare. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare; Military Organization in Mesopotamia; Deuteronomy, Book of
War in the NT + 6:867-875 Klassen, William
War Rule (1QM) + 6:875-876 Davies, Philip R.
Warrior, Divine + 6:876-880 Hiebert, Theodore
Wars of the Lord, Book of the + 6:880 Christensen, Duane L.
Washingtonianus. See Codex (Codex Washingtonianus)
Wasm (Camel Brand) + 6:880-882 King, Geraldine
Waten, Khirbet el-. See Moladah (PLACE)
Water for Impurity + 6:882 Wright, David P.
Water Gate (PLACE) + 6:882-883 Suiter, David E.
Water Works + 6:883-893 Oleson, John Peter
Waters of Megiddo. See Megiddo, Waters of
Waters of Merom. See Merom, Waters of
Wave Offering. See Sacrifice and Sacrificial Offerings
Waw 6:893
Weapons and Implements of Warfare + 6:893-895 Fretz, Mark J.
Weasel. See Zoology
Weather. See Palestine, Climate of
Wedding. See Marriage
Weeds. See Agriculture
Week. See Calendars
Weeks, Festival of + 6:895-897 VanderKam, James C.
Weights and Measures + 6:897-908 Powell, Marvin A.
West 6:908 Drinkard, Joel F., Jr.
West Semitic Languages. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Western Sea (PLACE) + 6:908-909 Lubetski, Meir
Western Text + 6:909-912 Epp, Eldon Jay
Western Wall. See Temple, Jerusalem
Wheat. See Agriculture; Flora
Widow. See Levirate Law
Wife. See Family
Wild Goat, Wild Ox. See Zoology
Wilderness Wanderings + 6:912-914 Davies, G. I.
Will of God in the OT + 6:914-920 Fretheim, Terence E.
Willow. See Flora
Willows, Brook of the (PLACE) + 6:920 Ferch, Arthur J.
Wind. See Palestine, Climate of
Winnowing. See Agriculture
Wisdom in the OT + 6:920-931 Murphy, Roland E.
Wisdom of Ben-Sira + 6:931-945 Di Lella, Alexander A.
Wisdom, Book of. See Solomon, Wisdom of
Wise Men. See Infancy Narratives in the NT Gospels
ABD Article Index
104
Witchcraft. See Magic (OT)
Withered Hand. See Sickness and Disease
Witness, Altar of (PLACE) 6:945 Willett, Tom Wayne
Wizard. See Magic (OT)
Woe: 6:945-947
OT "Woe" Oracles 6:945-946 Clements, Ronald E.
"Woe" in the NT 6:946-947
,Collins, Raymond F.
Bibliography 6:947 Clements, Ronald E.; Collins, Raymond F.
Wolf. See Zoology
Women: 6:947-961
Mesopotamia + 6:947-951 Harris, Rivkah
Old Testament 6:951-957 Bird, Phyllis A.
New Testament + 6:957-961 Witherington, Ben, III
Wood. See Flora
Wool. See Dress and Ornamentation; Zoology
Word of God + 6:961-968 Fretheim, Terence E.
Wordplay, Hebrew + 6:968-971 Greenstein, Edward L.
Words of the Luminaries (4QDibHam) + 6:971-972 Davies, Philip R.
Works of God 6:972 Minear, Paul S.
World, On the Origin of (NHC II,5) + 6:972-973 Perkins, Pheme
Worm. See Zoology
Wormwood + 6:973 Reddish, Mitchell G.
Worship, Early Christian + 6:973-989 Aune, David E.
Wrath of God: 6:989-998
Old Testament + 6:989-996 Herion, Gary A.
New Testament + 6:996-998 Travis, Stephen H.
Wreath 6:998 Meyers, Carol
Writing and Writing Materials + 6:999-1008 Lemaire, André
Wyclif’s Version. See Versions, English (Wycliffe’s Version)
Xanthicus + 6:1009 Kampen, John
Xerxes (PERSON) + 6:1009-1010 Young, T. Cuyler, Jr.
Xi 6:1010
Yael, Ein. See Rephaim, Valley of
Yahudiya, el- (PLACE). See Jehud (PLACE)
Yahweh (DEITY) + 6:1011-1012 Thompson, Henry O.
Yahweh, Day of. See Day of Yahweh
Yahwist ("J") Source + 6:1012-1020 de Pury, Albert
Ya‘nin, Khirbet. See Neiel (PLACE) 6:1020
Yavneh (PLACE). See Jamnia (Jabneh), Council of 6:1020
Yavneh-Yam (M.R. 121147) + 6:1020-1021 Kaplan, Jacob
Year. See Calendars
Yeast. See Meal Customs (Jewish Dietary Laws)
Yeruham, Mount (M.R. 139045) + 6:1021 Kochavi, Moshe
Yiftahel (M.R. 171240) + 6:1021-1023 Braun, Eliot
Yin‘am, Tel (M.R. 198235) + 6:1023 Liebowitz, Harold A.
Yiron (PLACE) + 6:1024 Arav, Rami
Yod 6:1024
Yohanan Ben Zakkai + 6:1024-1026 Porton, Gary G.
Yoke + 6:1026-1027 Tyer, Charles L.
Yokefellow (PERSON) + 6:1027 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Yom Kippur. See Day of Atonement
Yoqneam, Tell. See Jokneam (PLACE)
Yuttah (PLACE). See Juttah (PLACE)
Zaanan (PLACE) + 6:1029 Luker, Lamontte M.
Zaanannim (PLACE) 6:1029 White, Sidnie Ann
Zaavan (PERSON) 6:1029 Matthews, Victor H.
Zabad (PERSON) 1-7 + 6:1030 Eades, Keith L.
Zabadeans + 6:1030-1031 Kasher, Aryeh
Zabbai (PERSON) 1-2 6:1031 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Zabdi (PERSON) 1-4 6:1031 Nysse, Richard W.
ABD Article Index
105
Zabdiel (PERSON) 1-3 6:1031-1032 Hardwick, Michael E.
Zabud (PERSON) 6:1032 McMillion,Phillip E.
Zabulon. See Zebulun
Zaccai (PERSON) 6:1032 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Zacchaeus (PERSON) + 6:1032-1033 O’Toole, Robert F.
Zaccur (PERSON) 1-10 + 6:1033-1034 Eades, Keith L.
Zadok (PERSON) 1 + 6:1034-1036 Ramsey, George W.
Zadok (PERSON) 2 + 6:1036 Porter, Stanley E.
Zadokite Fragments (Damascus Document) + 6:1036-1038 Schiffman, Lawrence H.
Zaham (PERSON) + 6:1038 Kennedy, James M.
Zair (PLACE) + 6:1038-1039 Liwak, Rüdiger
Zalaph (PERSON) 6:1039 Williams, Nora A.
Zalmon (PERSON) 6:1039 Schley, Donald G.
Zalmon (PLACE) 6:1039 Schley, Donald G.
Zalmonah (PLACE) 6:1039 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Zalmunna (PERSON) 6:1039
Zanoah (PLACE) 1-2 + 6:1039 Kotter, Wade R.
Zaphenath-Paneah (PERSON) 6:1040 Oller, Gary H.
Zaphon (PLACE) + 6:1040 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Zaphon, Mount (PLACE) + 6:1040-1041 Avalos, Hector
Zarephath (PLACE) + 6:1041 Roth, Ray Lee
Zarethan (PLACE) + 6:1041-1043 Thompson, Henry O.
Zarius (PERSON) 6:1043 Bowman, Craig D.
Zattu (PERSON) 6:1043 Swanson, Steven R.
Zayin 6:1043
Zaza (PERSON) 6:1043 Steeger, William P.
Zealots + 6:1043-1054 Rhoads, David
Zebadiah (PERSON) 1-9 + 6:1054-1055 Eades, Keith L.
Zebah and Zalmunna (PERSONS) + 6:1055 Mendenhall, George E.
Zebedee (PERSON) 6:1055 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Zebidah (PERSON) 6:1055 Schearing, Linda S.
Zebina (PERSON) 6:1055 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Zeboiim (PLACE) + 6:1055-1056 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Zeboim (PLACE) 1-2 6:1056 Arnold, Patrick M.
Zebul (PERSON) + 6:1056 Lowery, Kirk E.
Zebulun (PERSON) + 6:1056-1057 Jeansonne, Sharon Pace
Zechariah (PERSON) 1-30 + 6:1057-1060 Wright, John W.
Zechariah (PERSON) 31 + 6:1060-1061 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Zechariah, Book of: 6:1061-1068
Zechariah 1-8 + 6:1061-1065 Meyers, Carol; Meyers, Eric M.
Zechariah 9-14 + 6:1065-1068 Petersen, David L.
Zecher (PERSON). See Zechariah (PERSON)
Zedad (PLACE) + 6:1068 Thompson, Henry O.
Zedekiah (PERSON) 1-6 + 6:1068-1071 Althann, Robert
Zeeb (PERSON). See Oreb and Zeeb 6:1071
Zeiraqoun, Khirbet (M.R. 239222) + 6:1071-1072 Ibrahim, Moawiyah M.; Mittmann, Siegfried
Zela (PLACE) + 6:1072 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Zelek (PERSON) + 6:1072 Thompson, David L.
Zelophehad (PERSON) + 6:1072-1073 Taylor, Marion Ann ; Taylor, J. Glen
Zelzah (PLACE) + 6:1073-1074 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Zemaraim (PLACE) 1-2 + 6:1074 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Zemarites + 6:1074 Baker, David W.
Zemer (PLACE) 6:1074 Roth, Ray Lee
Zemirah (PERSON) 6:1074 Willett, Tom Wayne
Zenan (PLACE) + 6:1074 Kotter, Wade R.
Zenas (PERSON) + 6:1074-1075 Gillman, John L.
Zephaniah (PERSON) 1-4 + 6:1075 Berridge, John M.
Zephaniah, Apocalypse of + 6:1075-1077 Wintermute, Orval S.
Zephaniah, Book of + 6:1077-1080 Kselman, John S.
Zephath (PLACE) 6:1080 Baker, David W.
ABD Article Index
106
Zephathah (PLACE) + 6:1080 Willett, Tom Wayne
Zepho (PERSON) 6:1080 Hübner, Ulrich
Zephon (PERSON) 6:1080 de Groot van Houten, Christina
Zephonites. See Ziphion 6:1080
Zer (PLACE) 6:1080 Frankel, Rafael
Zerah (PERSON) 1-6 + 6:1080-1081 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Zerahiah (PERSON) 1-2 6:1081 Shearer, Rodney H.
Zeraiah (PERSON). See Zebadiah
Zerdaiah (PERSON) 6:1082 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Zered, Brook of (PLACE) 6:1082 Herion, Gary A.
Zeredah (PLACE) + 6:1082 Thompson, Henry O.
Zererah (PLACE) + 6:1082-1083 Thompson, Henry O.
Zeresh (PERSON) + 6:1083 Wiebe, John M.
Zereth (PERSON) 6:1083 Lo, Hing Choi
Zereth-Shahar (PLACE) + 6:1083 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Zeri (PERSON) 6:1083 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Zeror (PERSON) + 6:1083-1084 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Zeror, Tel (M.R. 147203) + 6:1084 Kochavi, Moshe
Zeruah (PERSON) 6:1084 Schearing, Linda S.
Zerubbabel (PERSON) + 6:1084-1086 Beyer, Bryan E.
Zeruiah (PERSON) 6:1086 Schley, Donald G.
Zeruiah (PERSON) 6:1086 Schley, Donald G.
Zervanism + 6:1086-1087 Hultgård, Anders
Zeta 6:1087
Zetham (PERSON) 6:1087 Kennedy, James M.
Zethan (PERSON) 6:1087 Willett, Tom Wayne
Zethar (PERSON). See Mehuman
Zeus, Friend of Strangers. See Gerizim, Mount
Zeus, Temple of. See Olympian Zeus, Temple of
Zia (PERSON) 6:1087 Graham, M. Patrick
Ziba (PERSON) 6:1087-1088 Bailey, Randall C.
Zibeon (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:1088 Matthews, Victor H.
Zibia (PERSON) 6:1088 Willett, Tom Wayne
Zibiah (PERSON) 6:1088 Schearing, Linda S.
Zichri (PERSON) 1-12 + 6:1088-1089 Uitti, Roger W.
Ziddim (PLACE) + 6:1089-1090 Frankel, Rafael
Ziha (PERSON) 6:1090 Augustin, Gary C.
Ziklag (PLACE) + 6:1090 Kotter, Wade R.
Ziklag (PLACE) II + 6:1090-1093 Oren, Eliezer D.
Zillah (PERSON) + 6:1093-1094 Hess, Richard S.
Zillethai (PERSON) 1-2 6:1094 Dillard, Raymond B.
Zilpah (PERSON) + 6:1094 Mariottini, Claude F.
Zimmah (PERSON) 6:1094 Kennedy, James M.
Zimran (PERSON) 6:1094 Matthews, Victor H.
Zimri (PERSON) 1-4 6:1094-1095 Hutton, Rodney R.
Zimri (PLACE) 6:1095 White, Sidnie Ann
Zin, Wilderness of (PLACE) + 6:1095-1096 Seely, David R.
Zina (PERSON). See Zizah
Zion (PLACE) + 6:1096-1097 Mare, W. Harold
Zion Gospel Edition + 6:1097-1098 Petersen, William L.
Zion Traditions + 6:1098-1102 Levenson, Jon D.
Zion, Daughter of + 6:1103 Follis, Elaine R.
Zior (PLACE) + 6:1103-1104 Kotter, Wade R.
Ziph (PERSON) 1-2 6:1104 Herion, Gary A.
Ziph (PLACE) 1-3 + 6:1104 Lance, H. Darrell
Ziphah (PERSON) 6:1104 Lo, Hing Choi
Ziphion (PERSON) 6:1104 Mariottini, Claude F.
Ziphron (PLACE) 6:1104 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Zippor (PERSON) 6:1104-1105 Hutton, Rodney R.
Zipporah (PERSON) + 6:1105 Burns, Rita J.
ABD Article Index
107
Ziv. See also Calendars
,(Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish) 6:1105
Ziz, Ascent of (PLACE) + 6:1105 Herion, Gary A.
Ziza (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:1105-1106 Uitti, Roger W.
Zizah (PERSON) 6:1106 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Zoan (PLACE) + 6:1106-1107 Redford, Donald B.
Zoar (PLACE) + 6:1107 Astour, Michael C.
Zobah (PLACE) + 6:1108 Pitard, Wayne T.
Zobebah (PERSON) 6:1108 Lo, Hing Choi
Zohar (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:1108-1109 Moyer, James C.
Zoheleth, Stone of. See Serpent’s Stone
Zoheth (PERSON) 6:1109 Smith, David Channing
Zoldera (PLACE). See Lystra
Zoology (Fauna) + 6:1109-1167 Firmage, Edwin
Zophah (PERSON) + 6:1167 O’Brien, Julia M.
Zophai (PERSON). See Zuph (PERSON)
Zophar (PERSON) + 6:1167-1168 Holbert, John C.
Zophim (PLACE) 6:1168 Brensinger, Terry L.
Zor (PLACE). See Jordan, Jungle of
Zorah (PLACE) + 6:1168 Greenberg, Raphael
Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism + 6:1168-1174 Boyce, Mary
Zostrianos (NHC VIII,1) + 6:1174-1175 Sieber, John H.
Zuar (PERSON) 6:1175 Launderville, Dale F.
Zugoth 6:1175 Flesher, Paul V. M.
Zuph (PERSON) 6:1175 Petter, Gerald J.
Zuph (PLACE) + 6:1175 Petter, Gerald J.
Zur (PERSON) 1-2 + 6:1175-1176 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Zuriel (PERSON) 6:1176 de Groot van Houten, Christina
Zurishaddai (PERSON) 6:1176 Launderville, Dale F.
Zurra‘a, Khirbet el-. See Gath-Hepher 6:1176
Zuzim + 6:1176 Astour, Michael C.
THE
ANCHOR BIBLE
DICTIONARY
David Noel Freedman
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
GARY A. HERION • DAVID F. GRAF
John David Pleins
MANAGING EDITOR
ASTRID B. BECK
DOUBLEDAY
NEW YORK • LONDON • TORONTO • SYDNEY • AUCKLAND
THE ANCHOR BIBLE DICTIONARY
PUBLISHED BY DOUBLEDAY
A DIVISION OF BANTAM DOUBLEDAY DELL PUBLISHING GROUP, INC.
666 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10103
THE ANCHOR BIBLE DICTIONARY, DOUBLEDAY,
AND THE PORTRAYAL OF AN ANCHOR WITH THE LETTERS ABD
are trademarks of Doubleday,
a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
DESIGN BY Stanley S. Drate/Folio Graphics Company, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Anchor Bible dictionary / David Noel Freedman, editor-in-chief;
associate editors, Gary A. Herion, David F. Graf, John David Pleins;
managing editor, Astrid B. Beck
—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Bible—Dictionaries. I. Freedman, David Noel, 1922–.
BS440.A54 1992
220.3—dc20 91–8385
CIP
Copyright © 1992 Doubleday,
a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
CONSULTANTS
HANS DIETER BETZ (Greco-Roman Religion)
Shailer Mathews Professor of NT Studies, University of Chicago
JAMES H. CHARLESWORTH (Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha)
George L. Collord Professor of NT Language and Literature, Princeton Theological Seminary
FRANK MOORE CROSS (Old Testament)
Hanco*ck Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages, Harvard University
WILLIAM G. DEVER (Archaeology)
Professor of Newr Eastern Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Arizona
A. KIRK GRAYSON (Mesopotamia and Assyriology)
Professor, University of Toronto
PETER MACHINIST (Bible and Ancient Near East)
Professor of Near Eastern Languages, Harvard University
ABRAHAM J. MALHERBE (New Testament)
Buckingham Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, The Divintiy School, Yale
University
BIRGER A. PEARSON (Early Christianity)
Professor of Religious Studies, University of California at Santa Barabara
JACK M. SASSON (Bible and Ancient Near East)
Professor in Religious Studies, University of North Carolina
WILLIAM R. SCHOEDEL (Early Christian Literature)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
EDITORIAL STAFF
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
DAVID NOEL FREEDMAN
ASSOCIATE EDITORS:
GARY A. HERION
David F. Graf
John David Pleins
MANAGING EDITOR:
ASTRID B. BECK
ASSISTANT EDITOR:
PHILIP C. SCHMITZ
PRODUCTION EDITOR:
LESLIE BARKLEY
ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR:
MARK J. FRETZ
Herbert Grether
John Huddlestun
John Kutsko
Dale Manor
Paul Mirecki
James Mueller
David R. Seely
William Ward
Harry Weeks
PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS:
CAROL HERION
Dennis Moser
PREFACE
In view of Gary Herion‘s comprehensive Introduction to the Anchor Bible Dictionary, very little
needs to be added byway of preface, but a few words may be helpful. The project itself was initiated early
in the 1980s by conversations between Robert Heller, then head of the Religion Department at
Doubleday, and me. Because of the widespread acceptance and use of the Anchor Bible Critical
Commentaries, we felt that a companion work, the ABD, was an appropriate undertaking. As a
consequence, I prepared a master plan, which called for a set of fives: five volumes, five years, five
hundred contributors, and five million words. As such, it would have matched generally earlier major
works of the same kind: the justly regarded classic work of the turn of the century, The Hastings‘
Dictionary of the Bible (in five volumes, 1898–1904), and the well-known Interpreter‘s Dictionary of the
Bible (also in five volumes, the first four appearing in 1962, with a fifth, supplemental volume in 1976).
Now, at the end of the first major stage of this enterprise (the submission of the manuscript), the ABD has
turned out to consist of six volumes, with nearly a thousand contributors, well over six million words,
with the completed manuscript submitted to the publisher in just six years. That it was done within this
period is a tribute to the last of the associate editors, Gary Herion, who delivered all six volumes in
manuscript form from the beginning of June to the latter part of August, 1990. While a project of such
magnitude is difficult to manage in its various aspects, the hardest part of all is to finish it and close it
down. Getting started certainly was not easy, but once this huge vehicle was well under way, it threatened
to become a runaway, moving faster and growing larger (like a snowball coursing down a mountainside)
and sweeping everything in its path. It is difficult to imagine how dangerous a prospect this can be, of
continuing and unlimited expansion, a never-ending process. It is not readily recognized that for each
topic assigned there are many more that could be assigned, and between every two entries there could
exist any number of others, all worthy of consideration. Even before the project has reached maximum
speed and efficiency, and manuscripts are pouring in in large numbers, it is necessary to call a halt, turn
off the power, and apply the brakes. The next most dramatic moment in the work comes with the decision
to call a halt and the declaration that the dictionary is done. Of course it isn‘t (and never will be) ―done‖
because the task of scholarship goes on, old entries need to be revised, and new entries need to be written;
but when the deadline arrives, the work is finished. It takes a person of character and courage to make
such a determination in the midst of the endless flow of words, but it is necessary. Not every assigned
article is received within the time limits, and not every one that is received is finally acceptable. But at
some point the declaration must be made, and the editors and the publisher must take what they have and
go on to the second major stage: producing the work of a whole generation of scholars in book form. Gary
Herion proved to be the right person in the right place at the right time. He came onboard after others had
started the project and moved it along. But he finished it, and for that a special accolade is in order. He
organized and coordinated the work force for this powerful push to the finish line, and he himself
contributed a major effort in negotiating with authors, bringing in the manuscripts, reading and editing the
latter. He set an example of conscientiousness and dedication that stirred the rest to emulation as well
,as
embarrassment: he came earlier and stayed later as time wore on and the deadlines approached. He was
the ideal coadjutor and chief of operations, and when the time came and the last whistle blew, he had
successfully completed what others had started.
I wish to add a personal word of gratitude to all those who had a hand in this undertaking, and whose
names are listed in Herion‘s Introduction. I want to mention in particular the administrative officers of the
University of Michigan, who provided substantial material assistance for the ABD, in particular the
several vice presidents for academic affairs who held the office during the life of the ABD project: Billy
Frye, James Duderstadt, Charles Vest, and Gilbert Whitaker. Each VPAA in turn renewed the
commitment and the support, the continuity being established and maintained by that most modest and
self-effacing of associate vice presidents, Robert Holbrook, who has been a faithful backer of this project
since its inception.
A final word of gratitude is owing to Astrid B. Beck, without whose constant and diligent oversight of
the Project and the Program on Studies in Religion, neither would have succeeded or even survived. She
maintained both at the highest levels of efficiency and equanimity during the most trying periods, when
the entire building was being torn apart and rebuilt, and when the work force threatened to overwhelm the
facilities, and the work load reached a crisis point. There is an unpayable debt owed by all of us.
DAVID NOEL FREEDMAN
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
DECEMBER 7, 1990
Ann Arbor, Michigan
INTRODUCTION
Every generation needs its own Dictionary of the Bible. Within its pages one can expect to find
presented the essence of critical scholarship on subjects pertaining to the Bible, as those subjects are
understood by students of that generation. Thus while such encyclopedic reference works provide a
valuable service to their readers, in a larger sense they can never transcend the limits of their own
historical contexts. In time they inevitably become outdated, and after a generation or so they can hope to
achieve a sort of ―second shelf life‖ as a valuable period piece, witness to where the field of biblical
studies was at one point in its history.
It has been thirty years since the last major Bible dictionary appeared in America. The Biblical
Theology movement was in its heyday, and a certain ―consensus‖ on matters pertaining to the history and
literature of both testaments had been established. When reviewing English-language Bible dictionaries of
the time, one cannot help but notice the preponderance of word studies and of sweeping historical
reconstructions that were characteristic of the field at midcentury. One critic at the time noted this and
lamented that more attention was not being devoted to the critical issues of methods and assumptions.
Baldly stated, it seems that scholarship at that time was more interested in presenting ―the facts‖ than in
considering critically how we know them to be ―facts.‖The emphasis in biblical studies has changed
considerably since then. The mainstream American consensus that held in the 1950s and early ‘60s
unravelled during the 1970s. Sweeping historical reconstructions became increasingly rare as OT and NT
scholars alike began to engage in often fierce debates over methods and assumptions (e.g., about the role
and value of archaeology, and about the ―literary‖ nature of biblical historiography).And when syntheses
were attempted, one would very often find scholars moving beyond the venerable limits of the canon
itself: the vocation of ―biblical scholar‖ increasingly required one to be competent in dealing with a wide
range of later, extrabiblical texts attesting to the complex emergence of early Judaism and early
Christianity (or, as many would now insist, ―early Judaisms and early Christianities‖).
The Anchor Bible Dictionary is no less a product of its time. In some respects, the situation since the
1960s is now reversed: scholars now tend to be more preoccupied with considering how we know
something to be a ―fact‖ than in assembling those ―facts‖ into a meaningful whole. Thus the
overwhelming majority of major articles found in the following pages devotes a good deal of space to the
basic epistemological question: ―How do we know what we know about this topic?‖ One will be hard
pressed to find in these pages any sort of sweeping historical synthesis that presumes a scholarly
consensus. Scholarly consensus simply does not exist here at the end of the twentieth century.
Nevertheless in these six volumes there are still many new and refreshing insights one can discover
about biblical texts, about histories and personalities referred to therein, about religious ideas and themes
that find expression in its pages, about ancient Oriental and Hellenistic intellectual and cultural contexts
that almost invariably lie just beneath the surface of the text (if not on the surface itself), and about the
processes that helped to ensure the Bible‘s central place in nascent Judaism and Christianity. In short, the
ABD provides the scholarly world and the general public with an up-to-date and comprehensive treatment
of all biblical subjects and topics. Our goal has been to provide an eminently readable and yet
authoritative reference source for all readers of the Bible. To achieve this, we have assembled an
international host of scholars—including prominent archaeologists, Assyriologists, Egyptologists,
classicists, philosophers, and ancient historians—who have been selected on the basis of their expertise
and special contributions to biblical scholarship. They come with diverse professional and confessional
backgrounds, reflecting the growing pluralism and interdisciplinary interests of the field.
A review of ABD entries should quickly convince the interested student of the Bible that the ABD is
indeed an invaluable reference source and a powerful research tool. Yet the perceptive reader scanning
these pages and comparing its entries with those of other Bible dictionaries will also discover that there is
something to be learned here about the field of biblical studies itself. One may note, for example, the
preponderance of new articles pertaining to the cultural history and social institutions that lie in the
background of ancient Israel and early Christianity; this is so because these days there is a relatively large
number of scholars with social science interests working in these areas. One will also note the large
number of articles dealing with archaeological sites and excavations; this is so because the last twenty-
five years have seen a veritable explosion of archaeological activity in the lands of the Bible. One will
also note specific entries treating pseudepigraphic and apocryphal texts, Nag Hammadi tractates, and
individual Dead Sea scrolls; this is so because the scope of scholarly interest has now extended beyond
the conventional limits of the canon. One will note that the so-called ―minor entries‖ on personal and
place names usually go beyond the one- or two-sentence recapitulations often found in other Bible
dictionaries; this is so because scholars today seem to have a keener interest in the often minute details
associated with genealogies and toponyms, and they appreciate how a careful reexamination of these
details can sometimes lead to fresh insights about the relationship between tradition and history.
Conversely one will not find as many minor or midlevel entries dealing with biblical lexical items; this is
so because we could not find many scholars interested in these subjects or able to push their presentations
beyond those found in other Bible dictionaries. What this means is that in some areas related particularly
to word studies the ABD simply does not replace such major English-language works as the IDB
,See Versions, Ancient (Armenian)
Armlet. See Jewelry
Armoni (PERSON) + 1:397-398 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Armory. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Army (Mesopotamia). See Military Organization in Mesopotamia
Army, Herodian. See Herodian Army
Army, Roman. See Roman Army
Arna (PERSON) 1:398 Han, Jin Hee
Arnan (PERSON) 1:398 Fuller, Russell
Arni (PERSON) 1:398 Grether, Herbert G.
Arnon (PLACE) + 1:398-399 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Arodi (PERSON) 1:399 Slayton, Joel C.
Aroer (PLACE) 1-4 + 1:399-400 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Arom (PERSON) 1:400 McGehee, Michael David
Aromatic Cane. See Perfumes and Spices
ABD Article Index
10
Arpachshad (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:400 Hess, Richard S.
Arpad (PLACE) + 1:401 Avalos, Hector
Arphaxad (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:401 White, Sidnie Ann
Array, Battle. See Weapons and Implements of War
Arsaces (PERSON) + 1:401 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
Art and Architecture: 1:401-461
Ancient Near Eastern Art + 1:401-408 Gunther, Ann C.
Ancient Near Eastern Architecture + 1:408-419 Zimansky, Paul E.
Mesopotamian Art and Architecture + 1:419-428 Albenda, Pauline
Egpytian Art and Architecture + 1:428-440 Baines, John
Persian Art + 1:440-447 Root, Margaret Cool
Early Jewish Art and Architecture + 1:447-454 Hachlili, Rachel
Early Christian Art + 1:454-461 Snyder, Graydon F.
Artapanus + 1:461-463 Holladay, Carl R.
Artaxerxes (PERSON) + 1:463-464 Suiter, David E.
Artemas (PERSON) + 1:464 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Artemis (DEITY) + 1:464-465 Martin, Hubert M., Jr.
Arthropods. See Zoology
Arubboth + 1:465-467 Zertal, Adam
Arumah (PLACE) 1:467-468 Thompson, Henry O.
Arvad (PERSON) + 1:468 Hess, Richard S.
Arza (PERSON) 1:468 Viviano, Pauline A.
Arzareth (PLACE) + 1:468 Herion, Gary A.
Asa (PERSON) + 1:468-470 Evans, Carl D.
Asahel (PERSON) 1-5 + 1:470 Schley, Donald G.
Asaiah (PERSON) 1-4 1:470-471 Dillard, Raymond B.
Asaias (PERSON) 1:471 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Asaph (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:471 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Asaramel (PLACE) + 1:471-472 Hardwick, Michael E.
Asarel (PERSON) 1:472 Lo, Hing Choi
Ascension of Christ + 1:472-474 Gulley, Norman R.
Ascent of Heres (PLACE). See Heres, Ascent of (PLACE)
Ascent to Heaven. See Heaven, Ascent to
Asclepius (NHC VI,8) + 1:474-475 Jackson, Howard
Asclepius, Cult of + 1:475-476 Robinson, Thomas L.
Asenath (PERSON) + 1:476 Yee, Gale A.
Ashan (PLACE) + 1:476-477 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Asharelah (PERSON) + 1:477 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Ashbea (PLACE). See Beth-Ashbea (PLACE)
Ashbel (PERSON) 1:477 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Ashdod (PLACE). See also Azotus (PLACE). + 1:477-482 Dothan, Moshe
Ashdod-Yam (M.R. 114132) + 1:482 Kaplan, Jacob
Asher (PERSON) + 1:482-483 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Asherah (DEITY) + 1:483-487 Day, John
Ashhur (PERSON) + 1:487 Lo, Hing Choi
Ashima (DEITY) + 1:487 Fulco, William J.
Ashkelon (PLACE) + 1:487-490 Esse, Douglas L.
Ashkenaz + 1:490 Hess, Richard S.
Ashnah (PLACE) 1-2 + 1:490 Kotter, Wade R.
Ashpenaz (PERSON) 1:490-491 Coxon, Peter W.
Ashtaroth (DEITY). See Ashtoreth (DEITY)
Ashtaroth (PLACE) + 1:491 Day, John
Ashteroth-Karnaim (PLACE) + 1:491 Astour, Michael C.
Ashtoreth (DEITY) + 1:491-494 Day, John
Ashurbanipal (PERSON) 1:494 Grayson, A. Kirk
Ashurites + 1:494 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Ashvath (PERSON) 1:494-495 O’Brien, J. Randall
Asiarchs + 1:495-497 Kearsley, Rosalind Anne
Asibias (PERSON). See Hashabiah (PERSON)
Asiel (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:497 Redditt, Paul L.
ABD Article Index
11
Askewianus, Codex. See Pistis Sophia
Asmar, Tell + 1:497-499 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Sager, Paul (trans.)
Asmodeus 1:499 Grether, Herbert G.
Asnah (PERSON) + 1:499 Shearer, Rodney H.
Aspatha (PERSON) + 1:499 Bedford, Peter
Asphar (PLACE) + 1:499 Redditt, Paul L.
Asriel (PERSON) + 1:499 Slayton, Joel C.
Ass. See Zoology
Assar, Tel (PLACE). See Tel-Assar (PLACE)
Assayer. See Interest and Usury in the Greco-Roman Period
Assembly, Divine. See Divine Assembly
Assembly, Great. See Great Assembly
Asshur (DEITY). See Mesopotamia, History of (History and Culture of Assyria)
Asshur (PERSON) + 1:500 Oller, Gary H.
Asshur (PLACE) + 1:500 Grayson, A. Kirk
Asshurim 1:500 Matthews, Victor H.
Assir (PERSON) 1:501 Willett, Tom Wayne
Associations, Clubs, Thiasoi + 1:501-503 Danker, Frederick William
Assos (PLACE) + 1:503 Yamauchi, Edwin M.
Assumption of the Virgin. See Virgin, Assumption of the
Asssyria (History and Culture). See Mesopotamia, History of
Astarte (DEITY). See Ashtoreth (DEITY) 1:504
Astrology in the Ancient Near East + 1:504-507 Rochberg-Halton, Francesca
Astyages (PERSON) + 1:507-508 Yamauchi, Edwin M.
Asur (PERSON) 1:508 McGehee, Michael David
Asyncritus (PERSON) 1:508 Lampe, Peter
Atad (PLACE) + 1:508-509 Oller, Gary H.
Atarah (PERSON) 1:509 Steeger, William P.
Atargatis (DEITY) + 1:509 Carroll, Scott T.
Ataroth (PLACE) 1-2 + 1:510 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Ataroth-Addar (PLACE) + 1:510 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Ater (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:510 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Athach (PLACE) 1:510-511 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Athaiah (PERSON) 1:511 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Athaliah (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:511-512 Thiel, Winfried
Atharim (PLACE) + 1:512-513 Herion, Gary A.
Athenobius (PERSON) 1:513 Nelson, Russell D.
Athens (PLACE) + 1:513-518 Martin, Hubert M., Jr.
Athlai (PERSON) 1:518 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Atonement in the NT + 1:518-522 Tuckett, C. M.
Atonement, Day of. See Day of Atonement
Atroth-Beth-Joab (PLACE) + 1:522 McGarry, Susan E.
Atroth-Shophan (PLACE) + 1:522-523 Romero, C. Gilbert
Attai (PERSON) 1-3 1:523 Dillard, Raymond B.
Attalia (PLACE) 1-2 1:523 Wineland, John D.
Attalus (PERSON) + 1:523 Nelson, Russell D.
Attharates (PERSON) 1:523 McGehee, Michael David
Attharias (PERSON) 1:523-524 Bowman, Craig D.
Augury. See Magic (Old Testament)
Augustan Cohort + 1:524 Olson, Mark J.
Augustus (EMPEROR) + 1:524-528 Potter, David S.
Auranus (PERSON) 1:528 Nelson, Russell D.
Aurelius, Marcus. See Marcus Aurelius (EMPEROR)
Author of Life 1:528 Grether, Herbert G.
Authoritative Teaching (NHC VI,3) + 1:528-529 Goehring, James E.
Authorities, City. See City Authorities
Authority of Scripture. See Scriptural Authority
Avaran (PERSON) 1:529 Rappaport, Uriel
Aven (PLACE) 1-3 1:529-530 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Avenger of Blood. See Blood, Avenger of
ABD Article Index
12
Avestan Language. See Languages (Ancient Iran)
Avith (PLACE) + 1:530 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Avot, Khirbet (M.R. 193276) + 1:530-531 Braun, Eliot
Avva (PLACE) 1:531 Herion, Gary A.
Avvim (PLACE) 1-2 + 1:531-532 McGarry, Susan E.
Avvites. See Avva (PLACE)
‘Ayin 1:532
Ayyah (PLACE) + 1:532 Thompson, Henry O.
Azael (PLACE) 1:532 McGehee, Michael David
Azaliah (PERSON) 1:532 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Azaniah (PERSON) 1:532 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Azarel (PERSON) 1-6 1:532-533 Uitti, Roger W.
Azariah (PERSON) 1-29 + 1:533-535 Eades, Keith L.
Azariah, Prayer of. See Daniel, Additions to
Azarias (PERSON) + 1:535-536 Redditt, Paul L.
Azaru (PERSON) 1:536 Bowman, Craig D.
Azaz (PERSON) 1:536 Clem, H. Eldon
Azazel + 1:536-537 Wright, David P.
Azaziah (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:537 Clem, H. Eldon
Azbuk (PERSON) 1:537 Williams, Nora A.
Azekah (PLACE) + 1:537-539 Stern, Ephraim
Azel (PERSON) 1:539 Kennedy, James M.
Azetas (PERSON) 1:539 McGehee, Michael David
Azgad (PERSON) 1:539 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Aziel (PERSON). See Jaaziel (PERSON)
Aziza (PERSON) 1:539 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Azmaveth (PERSON) 1-5 1:539 Schley, Donald G.
Azmaveth (PLACE) + 1:539-540 McGarry, Susan E.
Azmon (PLACE) + 1:540 Kotter, Wade R.
Aznoth-Tabor (PLACE) + 1:540 Frankel, Rafael
Azor, Tel (M.R. 131159) + 1:540-541 Ben-Tor, Amnon
Azotus (PLACE). See also Ashdod (PLACE) + 1:541-542 Redditt, Paul L.
Azraq (PLACE) + 1:542-543 Garrard, Andrew N.
Azriel (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:543 Dalglish, Edward R.
Azrikam (PERSON) 1-4 1:543 Fuller, Russell
Azubah (PERSON)
,or the
still-incomplete TDOT. This also reveals something about the agenda and the priorities of biblical
scholarship in the 1970s and ‘80s.
One will also appreciate the extent to which biblical studies has become increasingly specialized and
even fragmented during the past thirty years. This first became apparent to us during the assignment phase
of the project, as more and more contributors expressed reservations about taking on assignments that did
not lie within the immediate bounds of their particular ―subject‖ or area of expertise. On the positive side,
this means that most ABDentries devote greater attention to crucial matters of data and methodology, so
that the reader usually gets an expert presentation of the basic issues associated with the study of this or
that topic. However, as noted above, the drawback is a certain reluctance to place a given topic within a
larger picture—to provide the sweeping and definitive synthesis that some readers desire and expect in a
dictionary of the Bible. When presented, syntheses in ABD entries tend to be developed more cautiously
than in earlier Bible dictionaries, and conclusions are frequently hedged with significant qualifications.
That is simply the way responsible critical biblical scholarship tends to be practiced today. One
ramification of this increased specialization is evident in our long list of contributors: those who would
lament all this as ―overspecialization‖ will no doubt delight in noting that in 1962 only 253 contributors
were needed to write more than 7,500 entries for the IDB, while thirty years later almost four times as
many were needed to write 6,200 entries for the ABD. This is an honest reflection of the nature of biblical
scholarship here in the final decades of the second millennium.
If it really will be another generation before the next major English-language dictionary of the Bible is
attempted, one senses that the ABD may in fact be one of the last of its kind. Somehow one suspects that
the next major English-language Bible dictionary may not be something one ―purchases‖ but something
to which one ―subscribes‖ (complete with annual updates and revisions); that—like money—its primary
medium will not be ink-on-paper but electronic impulses (complete with three-dimensional, interactive,
color graphics); that it will not be something you place on your shelf but that you load into your
computer. Despite all the exciting possibilities this presents, it is also a bit discomforting. Perhaps more
than anyone else, we who study the Bible should appreciate the power and the impact of the immutably
printed word that, for better or worse, reflects an age and a perspective that cannot easily be erased or
revised.
* * *
One of the happy duties associated with writing ―introductions‖ is to acknowledge all those whose
labors helped to bring these printed words before the reader. In the case of the Anchor Bible Dictionary
this is a particularly happy assignment because of the camaraderie and friendships that developed over the
years as dedicated people applied their respective talents to the common task. This is not to imply that the
production of the ABD was without serious practical challenges. No one affiliated with its production was
a professional ―dictionary maker.‖ Rules and procedures tended to be invented as the need arose. In short,
we learned how to create a Bible dictionary primarily by creating a Bible dictionary.
Challenges such as this (especially when they are associated with omnipresent deadlines) either fray
people‘s nerves and drive them apart or draw them closer together. Fortunately the latter was the case.
Those bonds tended to be strengthened as together we faced hardships such as unpredictable power
failures and periodic fire alarms, incessant jackhammers operating just outside the office door, day after
day of dust, and (not surprisingly) chronic computer malfunctions. But in the long run what held the
bonds intact was the sense that the work was meaningful. Everyone involved in the ABD project soon
came to share David Noel Freedman‘s passionate commitment to the field of biblical studies, and his
belief that the time was right for a new multivolume encyclopedic reference work on the Bible. Few other
scholars can command the worldwide respect and admiration that are prerequisite to a major collaborative
venture such as this. Fewer still possess the ability and skill needed to orchestrate effectively the many
necessary resources and personalities. David Noel Freedman could. If indeed the ABD should reflect the
epitome of biblical scholarship in the last half of this century, who can be surprised that he should be its
chief editor? At the beginning of the project, David F. Graf assisted Freedman as the first associate editor.
One of Graf‘s initial tasks was to draw up a preliminary list of entries and to estimate projected lengths
for each. Graf also expanded the enterprise from a purely textual project to a more comprehensive
purview integrating the perspective of other related disciplines. In particular, there was an expansion of
the archaeological entries for both the Ancient Near East and the Classical world. David R. Seely, a
graduate student in biblical studies at the University of Michigan at the time, helped Graf in this initial
process of preparing lists of entries.
Perhaps Graf‘s most important task was to identify leading scholars who could write the major ABD
entries. He assembled a staff of consultants from leading specialists in various biblical fields and related
disciplines. These scholars were extremely helpful in recommending potential authors for specific
dictionary assignments, not only in the first year of the project but also over the years that followed. In
making contact with potential authors, Graf was a tireless and ubiquitous presence at professional
conferences, not only in the United States but also throughout Europe and the Middle East, cornering
scholars one-on-one and enlisting them for the project. Initially the challenges were formidable: many
scholars needed to be convinced of the need for yet another multivolume Bible dictionary, while almost
all needed to come to terms with the sacrifices they were being asked to make to ensure that this new
dictionary would be available soon and at an affordable price. Graf‘s perseverance and success ensured
not only that the very finest and most appropriate authorities would write the major entries for the ABD; it
also seems to have helped characterize the emerging relationship between the project and its contributors,
most of whom came to envision their association with the ABD not simply as another professional
transaction but as a personal investment in the future of biblical studies.
In 1985 John David Pleins joined Graf and assisted in the administration and organization of the
project, which by then had already expanded to involve almost twice as many contributors as had been
involved in earlier major Bible dictionary projects. In 1986 he assumed the duties of associate editor
while Graf, who had accepted a faculty position at the University of Miami, continued to serve in a
consulting capacity, assisting in the assignment of the remaining major entries. Pleins concentrated on
assigning the midlevel entries, reading the growing number of major entries that were beginning to arrive,
and streamlining office procedures for managing the growing stable of authors and assignments.
During the summer of 1987 Pleins accepted a faculty position at Santa Clara University, and I was
asked to serve as the third associate editor of the ABD. In the months before his departure, Pleins did a
masterful job of orienting me about all the complexities of the project. Together we drafted a
comprehensive style guide for authors, thereby facilitating the editorial process by ensuring that all
,contributions would now display a higher level of uniformity and standardization. In the months that
followed, both Pleins and Graf continued to be a valuable and accessible resource to me. Many other
projects would have been jeopardized by the number of staff transitions that affected theABD, but Graf‘s
and Pleins‘ continued cooperation and commitment to the project—and the good rapport that developed
among the three of us—guaranteed significant continuity and made my task of completing the project
much easier.
By early 1988 the ABD project had grown to include more than three times as many contributors as
other dictionary projects, while the bulk of minor entries still remained unassigned. It became obvious
that we would never be able to manage such a growing number of authors and assignments without a
computerized data base. Robert Croninger of the Programs for Educational Opportunity in the University
of Michigan‘s School of Education provided crucial advice and assistance as we initially began setting up
this data base. Two graduate students at the University of Michigan, John Kutsko and Harry Weeks,
played key roles in gathering data for these minor entry subjects and matching them with potential authors
working in related areas of biblical studies. An emphasis in assigning minor entries was to recruit
contributors from among the young scholars, women and men, who will be shaping the next generation of
biblical studies. Mark Fretz, another graduate student, began researching and writing dozens of these
entries to see how they might be improved beyond the usual one- or two-sentence recapitulations of the
biblical text. His important work resulted in an ABD ―Style Guide for Minor Entries,‖ which contributors
clear guidelines on how ideally to proceed. Although everyone realized that many minor entries simply
cannot be expanded beyond one or two sentences, it was gratifying to observe that many of our
contributors were able to provide far more informative―minor entries‖ than those typically found in other
Bible dictionaries. The basic task of editing manuscripts began as soon as the first entries arrived in 1985.
Not surprisingly, the dual responsibilities of reading manuscripts and managing assignments proved more
than any single editor could handle. Especially with the major entries, various consultants and other
editors m specific areas (such as New Testament and Intertestamental literature) had opportunities
initially to read and respond to many manuscripts: among these editors who deserve special thanks are
Herbert Grether, James Mueller, Paul Mirecki, and William Ward. Also, beginning m the fall of 1988,
various graduate students in biblical studies provided part-time assistance, editing the minor entries but
also copy editing other manuscripts to ensure uniform use of abbreviations, bibliographic style, and other
format conventions. In addition to Fretz, Kutsko, and Weeks, these included Arnold Betz, April
DeConick, Marianna Giovino, John Huddlestun, Brian Keck, Glenn LaPoint, Tim LaVallee, Robert
Miller, and Helen Richards. In the last hectic year we added to the ABD staff a number of full-time
assistants to help complete the editing of manuscripts. The first addition was Philip C. Schmitz, who
joined the project full-time in the spring of 1989. In addition to editing a large number of manuscripts,
Schmitz played a crucial role in supervising and coordinating the editorial activities of our various part-
time graduate students and was a strong force in helping to guarantee that the bibliographies
accompanying ABD articles met the most exacting standards of scholarly usefulness. In many respects
Schmitz functioned as a fourth associate editor actively involved in every phase of the project providing
extremely helpful advice and expertise on a wide range of matters.
Dale W. Manor, a doctoral candidate in archaeology at the University of Arizona, moved to Ann
Arbor in the fall of 1989 to work full-time editing a large number of manuscripts dealing with
archaeological and historical geographical matters. In implementing various editorial decisions for
standardizing and improving the presentations of these subjects, Manor helped to set new standards that
future dictionaries covering biblical places and archaeology must now strive to match.
In the spring of 1989 Leslie Barkley joined the project as Production Assistant, essentially serving as a
full-time work coordinator. Within the first two months she learned how to direct the office routine and
personnel better than I had done in the previous two years, as a consequence, our productivity and output
increased significantly. She was extremely effective in identifying and anticipating problems and in
establishing procedures for resolving them. In the year after we submitted manuscripts to the publisher,
she remained on staff to help coordinate the final preparation of illustrations, prefatory material,
corrigenda, and proofreading. She demonstrated a keen interest in the subject matter, an attention to
detail, and a commitment to professional standards that would be the envy of many biblical scholars.
Between 1985 and 1990 the ABD project benefited from a rotating staff of part-time secretaries who
handled the routine clerical duties associated with form letters, manuscripts, files, and phone calls. At
various times this staff included Lisa Anderson, Kathleen Haviland, Amy Polack Catherine Kiah, Lisa
O‘Donnell, Daniel Slager, Paul Slager, Debra Abbott, Shawn Herkimer, Pamela Rejniak, Tina O‘Donnell,
and Sharon Manor. During the sometimes hectic times of transitions, Diane Feikema, Theresa Nehra,
Lynette Lowey, and Jacqueline Phillips provided notable stability and continuity. Shereen Sauer of the
University of Michigan Printing Services took an active interest in the ABD project, and consistently
provided us with reliable and efficient photocopying assistance. In the final six months of the project,
Dennis Moser provided invaluable assistance in the proofreading and in ensuring that the ―mechanics‖ of
the finished product indeed worked as intended.
The impression one may have from all of this is that the ABD office was always a crowded place
buzzing with activity. That was not always the case. During the 1988–89 academic year—a critical phase
in the life of the project—the ABD essentially had two staff persons: myself and my wife Carol. Although
it is common for spouses to be mentioned in introductions, Carol‘s involvement in the project was
uncommon. The year preceding the hiring of several full-time staff members was in many respects the
most demanding (that was what justified the full staff), but Carol was there to handle the enormous
onslaught of mail, the multitude of daily changes that needed to be made on the data base, the problems
that seemed to be surfacing all around us, and all the minute details of managing workflow. She thereby
freed me for the task of reading and editing the rapidly growing stack of manuscripts. While many people,
thankfully, were on hand to share in the satisfactions of bringing this project to a close, I was very glad to
have Carol with me during those months when the future of the project was most in doubt. (In addition,
our third child, Daniel, was born in April of that year, and he became an intimate member of the
―team.‖)Not the least we need to give credit and express appreciation to the donors who made significant
contributions to the dictionary through financial support. First and foremost among these is the University
of Michigan through the office of the vice president for academic affairs, specifically through support
from Robert S. Holbrook, who never wavered in his goodwill for this research project and who lobbied
for us with the higher powers for continued funding. The University of Michigan supported us not only
with funds, but
,also with space and equipment. We are indeed grateful. Drs. Charles C. and JoAnne
Walton Dickinson were also very generous with their financial support. Their contributions made it
possible for us to fund our first research assistant for the dictionary, Mark Fretz, and it came at a crucial
time of necessary expansion for the project. They continued their support over time; we owe them a great
vote of thanks. In addition, we received financial help from Joy Ungerleider-Mayerson through the Dorot
Foundation early in the project, again at a crucial time when resources were slim. We heartily thank all
our donors.
A word of appreciation is also due to the Religion Department of the Bantam, Doubleday, Dell
Publishing Group. At various key moments in the life of this project, certain individuals were on hand to
help move this project closer to publication. Theresa D‘Orsogna provided helpful advice throughout most
of the project, and James Bell was instrumental in helping us to coordinate our editorial work with that of
the publisher. Michael Iannazzi was instrumental in steering the ABD through its final production stages.
One colleague stands out as deserving special notice. Dr. Astrid Beck, the Program Associate for the
University of Michigan‘s Program on Studies in Religion, has been a constant source of support to all of
us who worked on the project and a key to its success. Had she done nothing more than serve as chief
financial officer for the project, meticulously ensuring that the costs of editing the ABD were covered, she
would merit abundant accolades. But she has done considerably more. She was our principal liaison with
the university community: in addition to managing the university‘s religious studies curriculum and
maintaining her own teaching load, she provided for all the space, equipment, and personnel needs of the
dictionary project. She was an untiring and effective advocate of the project and a particularly graceful
and calming presence whenever we confronted the frustrations of bureaucratic ―red tape.‖ She always
promised to resolve problems, and she always managed to do so. Astrid was also our principal liaison
with the publisher; she taught all of us the ins and outs of dealing with a major publisher, and she
especially sensitized me to publishing concerns of which I was completely ignorant. Furthermore she
served the project directly as an author and as a translator; and whenever my own writing needed editing,
I regularly turned to her. At every stage of the project—from its inception to its completion, in happy
times and in sad ones—she has been a model of professionalism, a key adviser, and a good friend.
If it is true that one learns how to create a Bible dictionary simply by creating one, then it follows that
the Bible dictionary in question will contain numerous mistakes and reflect occasional bad judgments. So
it is with the Anchor Bible Dictionary. It also follows that the best time to start a major Bible dictionary
project such as the ABD is immediately after one has completed a major Bible dictionary project such as
the ABD—and then to make everything perfect and exactly right. That task, however, is perhaps best left
to the next generation.
GARY A. HERION
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
DECEMBER 6, 1990
Ann Arbor, Michigan
A
AARON (PERSON) [Heb ˒ahărōn (ֹאַהֲשן )]. AARONITES. The son of Amram and the brother of
Moses and Miriam who was the eponymous ancestor of the priestly Aaronites and the paradigm for later
priests. He dies at Mount Hur (Deut 32:50) and is succeeded by his son Eleazar (Num 20:22–29).
Aaronites are the priests who claim descent from Levi through Aaron. They are often referred to as the
―sons of Aaron‖ (Heb bĕnê ˒ahărōn) (cf. Lev 3:8; 21:1; Num 10:8; Josh 21:4; 1 Chr 24:1; Neh 12:47) or
as ―belonging to Aaron‖ (Heb lĕ˒ahărōn) (cf. 1 Chr 12:28—Eng12:27; 27:17). The meaning of the name
―Aaron‖ is uncertain, although it is perhaps derived from Egyptian.
———
A. Introduction
B. Images of Aaron in the Biblical Literature
C. Aaron/Aaronite Relations with Others
D. The Priestly Functions of Aaron and the Aaronites
E. Summary
———
A. Introduction
The first task in understanding Aaron and the Aaronites is to examine the varied images of them in the
biblical accounts. Sometimes there is a strong positive image of Aaron as the officially ordained priest of
God. At other times, the picture is rather negative, portraying Aaron at odds with Moses and ―mainline‖
religious practices. In examining these portrayals, it becomes clear that positive images appear in the later
biblical materials and negative images are prominent in the earlier materials. It is also true that there is a
significant body of biblical literature (the prophets—especially Ezekiel—and the Deuteronomistic
History) in which priests are present but there is little or no reference to Aaron or his followers. Thus, in
order to understand the images of Aaron and the Aaronites, one needs to be aware of the particular
literature in which these references to Aaron are found, and the specific time frame in which that literature
emerged.
A second set of concerns when discussing Aaron and the Aaronites focuses on their relationship to other
people or priestly groups. In terms of individuals, the question is primarily Aaron‘s relationship with
Moses. In terms of the Aaronites, the question is how they relate to the Levites and Zadokites, two other
major priestly factions.
Finally, Aaron and his descendants are the preeminent models of what it means to be a priest. They are
the ones who perform the most holy of rituals, who handle the holiest of sacred objects and who enter the
holiest of places. In addition, they are the ones who oversee all priestly functions and groups, and monitor
the activities of the priests at both the temple and the tabernacle.
B. Images of Aaron in the Biblical Literature
It is clear that there is some ambivalence in the biblical texts toward Aaron. On the one hand, he
becomes involved with the construction of the GOLDEN CALF (Exodus 32) and joins Miriam in
opposing Moses (Numbers 12). On the other hand, Aaron and his sons are singled out to serve God as
priests (Exodus 28–29; Leviticus 8–9). Somewhere amid these two perspectives stands a remarkable
silence on the Aaronites (e.g. 1–2 Kings, Ezekiel), in which they are neither good nor bad. There are other
priests or priestly groups present, but Aaron and the Aaronites are not part of that presence.
This confusing portrayal has been the subject of speculation for some period. As early as Wellhausen
(WPHI) and Kennett (1905), it was suggested that the positive portrayal of Aaron emerged only in the
post-exilic period and that the negative or neutral portrayals dated from the pre-exilic period. Since those
early discussions, Meek (1929), Welch (1939), North (1954) and Cody (1969, 1977) have offered slight
variations on the same basic position—that the positive image of Aaron is a product of the post-exilic
period.
Their arguments are based on an examination of the materials in which Aaron appears. There are 346
references to Aaron in the Hebrew Bible (several in the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha and 5 in the NT).
A vast majority (296) appear in Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. The remainder are spread out in
Deuteronomy (4), Joshua (6), Judges (1), 1 Samuel (2), Micah (1), Psalms (9), Ezra (1), Nehemiah (3), 1
Chronicles (16), and Chronicles (7). The lack of appearances in Ezekiel, who is very concerned with
priests, and the scarcity in Deuteronomy (4), where Moses plays a predominant role, are very curious.
However, prior to drawing any conclusions, specific passages need to be investigated, and this
investigation must be cognizant of the historical situation from which the passages emerge.
A safe place to begin such an examination is the work of
,the Chronicler, whose postexilic date is
essentially undisputed. In 1–2 Chronicles one sees a prominent positive role for Aaron. He is the brother
of Moses (1 Chr 5:29—Eng6:3); he and his sons make sacrifices, offerings, and atonement in the most
holy place in the temple (1 Chr 6:34—Eng6:49); and Aaron and his sons are ―set apart‖ to perform the
most sacred of duties—to burn incense, to minister, and to bless (1 Chr 23:13; 24:19). Furthermore, in 2
Chr 26:16–21, it is explicitly indicated that only the sons of Aaron, and not King Uzziah, could burn
incense to Yahweh.
There are many other positive portrayals of Aaron, but most are found in P (Priestly) material, a
collection of material more problematical in terms of dating than the Chronicler‘s materials. The general
consensus, albeit certainly not uniform, is that the present form of the P material reflects the
understandings and perspectives of the early Second Temple period (i.e., postexilic period). Following
that consensus yields a perspective on Aaron which is consistent with what emerged in the postexilic
work of the Chronicler.
When one looks at the P material, one sees a very positive understanding of Aaron. A few examples
from Exodus will support this point. Following the description of the ark and tabernacle (Exod 25:1–
27:20), Aaron and his sons (the Aaronites) are to ―tend‖ the tent of meeting (Exod 27:21), to serve
Yahweh as priests (Exod 28:1), to wear priestly garments (Exod 28:3–43), including the Urim and
Thummim (Exod 28:30), to be consecrated to Yahweh (Exod 29:1) and to be ordained (Exod 29:9, 35).
To celebrate this ordination, a bull and two rams are to be sacrificed in Aaron‘s honor (Exod 29:10–37).
Finally, Aaron and his sons shall be anointed and consecrated as priests of Yahweh with ―holy oil‖ (Exod
30:30–31). This positive image of Aaron continues through most of Exodus (with the exception of
Exodus 32, which will be discussed later), throughout all of Leviticus and most of Numbers.
In Leviticus, much time is spent describing specific offerings and the procedures for those offerings.
Consistently, Aaron, or ―Aaron‘s sons, the priests‖ are specified as the only people authorized to perform
these rituals. In Lev 6:1–9:24—Eng6:8–9:24, Aaron and his sons are instructed as to the law of the
various offerings and their crucial role in these offerings. The ritual for anointing Aaron and his sons is
spelled out in Lev 6:12–16—Eng6:19–23. The actual ceremony for the ordination of Aaron and his sons
is prescribed in Leviticus 8–9. The regulations for the actions of the Aaronites—―the priests, the sons of
Aaron‖—are spelled out in Leviticus 21. The concern is to maintain the holy status of the priests so that
they do not become defiled by such actions as marrying a divorced woman (v 7), letting one‘s hair hang
loose (v 10), or coming in contact with a dead body (v 11). In addition, no person with a blemish may
―offer bread‖ to Yahweh (v 18).
In Numbers 1–4, Moses and Aaron conduct a census of the people in preparation for war. Three factors
should be considered when examining the role of Aaron in this census. First, the Levites, another priestly
group, are numbered separately from the rest of the people (Num 1:47; 3:16–37), and are to be given to
Aaron to stand (Heb ˒md) before and serve (Heb šrt) him (3:6). The second point is that the line of
succession to Aaron is established. In Num 3:2–3 Aaron‘s sons are listed and identified as anointed priests
―ordained to minister in the priest‘s office‖ (literally ―whose hands are filled for the priesthood‖ [Heb ml˒
yd lkhn], ―to fill the hand,‖ is the common Hebrew expression used to indicate ordination). Since Nadab
and Abihu, two of Aaron‘s sons, have died (Leviticus 10), Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron‘s other sons, are
the successors to Aaron. Finally, only Aaron and his sons are to be priests. All others who seek to come
near the tent of meeting should be killed (Num 3:10).
This perspective on Aaron‘s exclusive role as priest is continued in Numbers 16. The account records
the rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram against Moses and Aaron (Num 16:1–3) and contains the
statement that only the descendants of Aaron can be priests (Num 17:5—Eng 16:40). This is curious since
Korah, the son of Ishar, and Aaron, the son of Amram, are both seen as descendants of the priestly family
of Levi (Exod 3:16–18; Num 3:17–19; 16:1). However, for the Priestly writer it is only Aaron‘s branch of
the Levitical family which can claim the legitimate right to the priesthood at the temple and tabernacle.
Other material in Numbers (except Numbers 12) conveys the same basic positive evaluation of Aaron. As
with the Chronicler, the Priestly writer presents a positive image of Aaron.
In contrast to that perspective, one can find materials in which there is a negative, or at least neutral,
image of Aaron. One example is in Deuteronomy. This material is examined first because it can be
identified, with a comfortable degree of certainty, as having originated in a pre-exilic context. One
example, in particular, is Deuteronomy 9, which contains part of Moses‘ presentation to the people. Of
interest here is the telling of the story of Moses‘ descent from Mount Horeb after having received the two
tablets of stone. Moses comes upon the people who have sinned and made a GOLDEN CALF (Deut
9:15–16). The story continues with a statement that Yahweh is so angry toward Aaron that he was about
to destroy him. It appears that it is only Moses‘ intercessory prayer and his utter destruction of the Golden
Calf which saves Aaron. It is certainly not a glowing recommendation of Aaron. Indeed, the only other
appearance of Aaron in Deuteronomy is in 32:50, where Aaron is merely mentioned as a brother of
Moses. Thus Deuteronomy neither presents a positive image of Aaron, nor contains a reference to Aaron
as priest (unless one considers Aaron‘s role in the building of the Golden Calf as priestly—but even then
it would not be seen as consistent with the mainline worship of Yahweh).
This negative perspective is not confined to this passage in Deuteronomy. In Exodus 32, although there
is some discussion as to the integrity of the passage, Aaron is portrayed as the villain who receives the
gold from the people (Exod 32:4a), makes the calf (Exod 32:4a, 35), declares, ―These are your gods, O
Israel, who brought you out of the land of Egypt!‖ (Exod 32:4b), and builds an altar before the calf (Exod
32:5). When Moses returns from the mountain, he indicates that Aaron has brought a great sin upon the
people (Exod 32:21) and has allowed the people to ―break loose‖ (Exod 32:25). While Aaron seeks to
redirect Moses‘ anger (Exod 32:22–24), his culpability is clearly indicated.
A third example of this negative image of Aaron is found in Numbers 12. Here Aaron and his sister
Miriam challenge Moses‘ authority (12:1) and claim that Yahweh speaks through them as well as through
Moses (12:2). The response of Yahweh is clear; Moses is the specially chosen spokesperson, and no one
should challenge him (12:5–8). As punishment, Yahweh makes Miriam leprous and subsequently heals
her only after Aaron pleads with Moses to petition Yahweh on their behalf.
All three of these passages which convey either a negative or a nonpriestly image of Aaron are generally
considered to be preexilic in date. The single reference to Aaron in the prophets (Mic 6:4), which is
preexilic, merely refers to Aaron as having been sent to Egypt with Moses and Miriam. In addition, there
are precious few references to Aaron in the pre-exilic and exilic work of the Deuteronomistic Historian,
which is surprising, given the number of times priests or priestly factions are mentioned. It is only in
Joshua, where cities are distributed to the Levites (Josh 21:4, 13, 19), that Aaron is referred to as a priest.
Finally, Ezekiel,
,an exilic work which spends much time discussing the roles and functions of the priests
and priestly groups, never refers to Aaron or the Aaronites.
The implication of this examination of the biblical passages which refer to Aaron is that the positive
image of Aaron and the Aaronites, and of their role as priests, arises in the post-exilic period. This may be
expected since it reflects, in general, the prominent position of priests in the postexilic period, and, in
particular, the emergence of the role of the high priest. In contrast, in the pre-exilic period Aaron is
mentioned only a few times, often in a neutral or negative way, and very rarely as a priest. Thus one must
conclude that the prominence of Aaron and the Aaronites as priests is a post-exilic phenomenon.
C. Aaron/Aaronite Relations with Others
A second area of consideration is the relationship of Aaron to other individuals and of the Aaronites to
other priestly groups. Aaron‘s relationship to Moses is of primary importance. In terms of the associations
of the Aaronites, there are two other priestly factions which have a significant role in the Hebrew Bible—
the Zadokites and the Levites. It is clear that there is struggle, conflict, and competition among these three
groups over who is going to have control of the priesthood. As indicated in the previous section, one must
remember that all of these relationships are fluid and that Aaron‘s priority is emphasized in the later
biblical materials.
The close association of Moses and Aaron is a common theme in the Pentateuch (although not
exclusively found there [Josh 24:5; 1 Sam 12:6; Ps 77:21—Eng 77:20, 99:6]), particularly in the later
(Priestly) writings of the Pentateuch. The association begins with the claim that Aaron is Moses‘ brother
(Exod 4:14; 6:20; 28:1; Num 26:59; 27:12–13; Deut 32:50; 1 Chr 5:29—Eng6:3; 23:13). There are also
over 65 instances where the phrase ―Moses and Aaron‖ appears, almost like a word pair, and only a few
instances where the phrase ―Aaron and Moses‖ occurs (Exod 6:26; Num 3:1). What is striking about
many of these instances is that the presence of ―Aaron‖ is not crucial to the passage. It could easily be
removed without a significant impact on the passage or its meaning (cf. Exod 7:8; 10:3; 16:6; Lev 9:23;
11:1; Num 4:1; 14:5; 33:1). So the evidence for a close association of Moses and Aaron is not absolutely
certain, and it is primarily found in the later materials.
In the relationship between Moses and Aaron, it is clear that Moses has a more prominent role. Most
often in the Torah, Yahweh speaks to Moses, who in turn speaks to Aaron (Exod 7:19; 16:32–34; Lev
17:1–2; Num 6:22–23; 8:1–2), or Yahweh speaks to Moses and Aaron at the same time (Exod 12:43; Lev
11:1; 14:33; Num 2:1; 19:1; 20:12). Only rarely does Yahweh speak directly to Aaron (Lev 10:8; Num
18:1). In addition, when one looks at the dynamics of the plague stories, there is a clear but subtle shift in
the relationship between Moses and Aaron. At the beginning, Moses fumbles for words and pleads his
incompetence until in anger Yahweh appoints Aaron to be Moses‘ spokesperson. Even then Aaron
receives Yahweh‘s words through Moses (Exod 4:1–17; 7:19). Thus at the beginning of the plague stories
Aaron has an important role. When both Moses and Aaron appear before Pharaoh (Exod 5:1, 7:10), it is
Aaron‘s rod which becomes the serpent (7:10), swallows the rods of Pharaoh‘s magicians (7:12), is used
to turn the Nile into blood (7:19), causes the plague of frogs (8:1—Eng8:5), and brings about the plague
of gnats (8:16–17). However, with Exodus 9, Aaron begins to fade from the scene, and it is Moses who
brings the boils (9:10) and uses his own rod to bring hail and fire (9:23) and the locusts (10:12–13). One
explanation of this shift is that the earlier plagues tend to be from the P writer and the later plagues tend to
be from the older pentateuchal source, the J writer. Although there is considerable and justifiable
discussion about the degree to which one can identify a particular passage or verse as J or P, the general
perspective suggests that the older materials do not place an emphasis on Aaron whereas the newer
materials do. Thus, like the prominence of Aaron as priest in the postexilic period, it seems that the
association of Aaron with Moses also finds its greatest emphasis in the post-exilic materials.
Moses and Aaron also appear together when the people are ―murmuring‖ during the Exodus. Usually
this murmuring involves the rebellion of the people against the leadership. In Exodus 17 the people
murmur against Moses (v 2). Aaron is not the target of the rebellion and his role in the incident is only
that of holding up Moses‘ arms, along with Hur (v 12). In Numbers 12, the rebellion is again directed at
Moses (v 1). However, this time it is Aaron and his sister Miriam who lead the rebellion against Moses.
Finally, in Numbers 14 and 16, the rebellion is directed not just against Moses but also against Aaron
(Num 14:2, 16:3). This confused situation becomes clear when one realizes that the early materials
(Numbers 12, Exodus 17) either ignore Aaron or are negative toward him, whereas in the later materials
(Numbers 14, 16) there is a positive picture of Aaron and a link with Moses.
When one turns to the priestly groups, it is apparent that the relations between the Zadokites and
Aaronites change over time. During the monarchy, it is the Zadokites who play a prominent role in the
priesthood and little is said about the Aaronites. One merely needs to look at the dearth of references to
Aaron or Aaronites in Kings and Samuel (only 2 Samuel) in contrast to the 26 references to Zadok as the
priest of the monarchy. At the end of David‘s reign, there is a conflict over the succession to the throne
between Solomon and his followers and Adonijah and his followers (1 Kings 1–2). When Solomon is
victorious in the struggle, he appoints Zadok as the priest of the Temple and expels Abiathar (1 Kgs 2:27),
the associate of Adonijah. While there may be some debate over the actual association of Abiathar—
whether he is Levite or Aaronite—it is clear that Zadok and his followers, the Zadokites, are the priests in
good standing. That perspective continues in the late exilic work of Ezekiel; he never mentions the
Aaronites. Rather, it is the Zadokites with the assistance of the Levites who are the priests (Ezek 40:46;
44:15; 48:11).
It is only in the post-exilic material of the Chronicler that any association between Aaron and Zadok
appears, and the perspective is always that Zadok the priest is a descendant of Aaron (1 Chr 5:29–34—
Eng6:3–8; 6:35–38—Eng6:50–53; Ezra 7:1–5), which preserves the priority of Aaron. In addition, the
Chronicler seeks to clarify the relationship of Zadok and Abiathar, the two priests of David (2 Sam 8:17,
cf. 1 Sam 22:20) who are rivals after his death. According to 1 Chr 24:3, Zadok is a descendant of
Eleazar, the son of Aaron, and Abiathar is a descendant of Ithamar, also a son of Aaron. Thus, for the
Chronicler, all priests are descendants of Aaron, which again stresses the post-exilic prominence of the
Aaronites.
The relationship between the Aaronites and the Levites is much more confusing and more prone to be
hostile than that between the Aaronites and the Zadokites. Nevertheless, this relationship also shows
development and change. A prime example of the hostility emerges in Exodus 32. The complicity of
Aaron in the Golden Calf apostasy has already been mentioned. At the end of that account, there is the
punishment for those involved in the idolatry (Exod 32:25–29). Moses calls for those ―on Yahweh‘s side‖
to join him in opposition to the people who ―broke loose,‖ and presumably that included Aaron. It is the
Levites who respond to Moses‘ call and slay 3,000 people who participated in the apostasy. As a result of
the
,Levites‘ actions, they are ―ordained‖ to the service of Yahweh (Exod 32:29). The Hebrew text says
―their hands are filled,‖ which is a clear reference to their ordination as priests. It thus appears that the
Levites‘ rise in status is directly related to their opposition to Aaron and his followers.
This same perspective is present when one examines 1 Kings 12. In this passage Jeroboam establishes
two cultic centers in the Northern Kingdom at Dan and Bethel (vv 25–33), and makes two calves of gold
for these centers (v 28). Jeroboam erects these calves and declares, ―Behold your gods, O Israel, who
brought you out of the land of Egypt,‖ the same phrase as was used by Aaron in Exod 32:4. In addition,
when Jeroboam selects priests for his temple he explicitly excludes Levites (1 Kgs 12:31). (According to
2 Chr 13:8–9, Jeroboam excludes both Levites and Aaronites, which reflects the later post-exilic
perspective of the Chronicler in which Aaron is the only true priest and could not have participated in the
apostasy of the Northern Kingdom.) A further piece of data which links these two golden calf incidents of
Exodus 32 and 1 Kings 12 together is that the two eldest sons of Aaron and the sons of Jeroboam have
virtually the same names: Nadab and Abihu for Aaron (Exod 6:23) and Nadab and Abijah for Jeroboam
(1 Kgs 14:1, 20). Furthermore, all four of these sons die as a result of their idolatry (cf. Leviticus 10; 1
Kgs 14:1–14; 15:25–30). So based on these early materials, the improper cultic practices of Jeroboam are
associated with those of Aaron, and the Levites either do not participate or actively oppose those
idolatrous religious practices.
Numbers 16 is another passage in which there is opposition between Aaron and the Levites. However,
in this instance, it is Aaron who is declared the righteous follower of God; and it is Korah, the descendant
of Levi, who revolts against Moses and Aaron. Indeed, the followers of Aaron (Aaronites) are explicitly
identified as the priests of Yahweh to the exclusion of Korah (Num 16:1–5—Eng16:36–40).
This change in perspective on Aaron, where Aaron is now seen as the dominant priest, is reflective of
the post-exilic materials of the Priestly writer and the Chronicler and again exemplifies the post-exilic
relationship of Aaronites and Levites. It also shows that although all priestly factions traced their ancestry
back to Levi, and Levi is considered ordained by God, the Levites‘ primary function is to serve the
Aaronites.
When the census of the people is being taken by Aaron and Moses in Numbers, the Levites are
explicitly set aside (Num 1:47) and not numbered at the beginning, since they have special tasks around
the tabernacle. Later, however, the Levites are numbered and chosen by God to stand (Heb ˒md) before
Aaron and to ―minister‖ (Heb šrt) to Aaron, since they are given to Aaron and his sons (Num 3:5–10; cf.
4:27). What is clear in this passage is that there is a distinction between the Aaronites as priests and the
Levites, who, although also ordained, are secondary priests subordinate to Aaron.
Aaron is then to collect the Levites and consecrate them to service (Heb ˓bd) (Num 8:5–26; cf. 18:1–7).
This perspective is continued in Chronicles, where there is a clear distinction between priests, understood
to be Aaronites, and Levites (1 Chr 23:2; 24:31; 28:13, 21; and 2 Chr 7:6; 11:13; 13:9; 19:8; 23:4, 6). The
Levites are to stand (Heb ˒md) before the priests, the sons of Aaron (1 Chr 23:27–28), and guard (Heb
šmr) the sons of Aaron (1 Chr 23:32; cf. 2 Chr 13:10; 35:14; Neh 12:47).
The priority of the Aaronites is illustrated in no better way than in the account in Num 17:16–28—Eng
17:1–13. According to the passage, each of the twelve tribes has a rod or staff, and each is to have the
tribal ancestor‘s name placed on the rod. However, the rod representing Levi‘s tribe has Aaron‘s name
written upon it. When all twelve rods are deposited in the tent of meeting to determine which of them will
be chosen by God, it is the ―rod of Aaron‖ which sprouts and bears ―ripe almonds.‖ This, of course,
indicates Yahweh‘s selection of Aaron over all other (cf. Ps-Philo 17:1–4; 53:9). Finally, Aaron‘s rod,
which is put before the ―testimony‖ in the tent of meeting, is to become a sign that the people should not
murmur against Yahweh (cf. Numbers 16).
In the following chapter (Numbers 18), where Aaron‘s priesthood and the role of the tribe of Levi are
again discussed, the priority of Aaron and his sons as priests and the secondary status of the tribe of Levi
are reiterated. The Levites are to minister to (Heb šrt; Num 18:2), to guard (Heb šmr; Num 18:3), and to
serve (Heb ˓bd; Num 18:6) Aaron and his sons. This role of attending to Aaron and the Aaronites is given
exclusively to the Levites (Num 18:4). However, the Levites are firmly cautioned not to approach the
altar, lest they die (Num 18:3). This material in Numbers is late, again suggesting that the priority of
Aaron and the Aaronites and the secondary status of the tribe of Levi (the Levites) emerges in the time of
the Second Temple. In the material from the earlier periods, the Levites are often preferred, and it is the
Aaronites whose activities are questionable and whose status is secondary to the Levites.
In general, it appears that Aaron‘s relationship with others has had the same mixed history as was seen
in the review of Aaron in the biblical literature. In the monarchical period, Aaron and the Aaronites have a
secondary, nonexistent, or negative status in relation to the other priestly groups. That perspective
changes in the post-exilic period of the high priest, when Aaron and his sons (the Aaronites) become the
high priests and establish their superiority over other groups. They do this by a genealogical link which
traces their ancestry back to Moses and beyond to Levi, and by the accounts of Yahweh‘s selection of
Aaron as the chosen priest, the paradigm—preferred over the other priestly factions (Levites and
Zadokites). Indeed, the other priestly factions became servants to Aaron and the Aaronites.
D. The Priestly Functions of Aaron and the Aaronites
The role of Aaron as priest emerges in the activities and functions he and his descendants, the Aaronites,
perform. Of course, one of their main functions is to preside at cultic ceremonies. However, there are
other related activities in which they are involved.
There are numerous references in which Aaron (or his descendants) officiate at and participate in cultic
rituals. In fact, the majority of the discussion in Leviticus is devoted to the priestly functions of Aaron and
the Aaronites. They perform the ―burnt offering‖ (Lev 1:3–17; 9:12–14), the ―cereal offering‖ (Lev 2:1–
16), and the ―peace offering‖ (Lev 3:1–17; 9:18–21). Aaron is not explicitly mentioned when the ―sin
offering‖ (Lev 4:1–5:13) or ―guilt offering‖ (Lev 5:14–26—Eng5:14–6:7) are discussed. However, when
the laws (Heb tôrāt) of the ―sin offering‖ are presented (Lev 6:17–23—Eng6:24–30; cf. 9:8, 16:6), it is
the Aaronites who are addressed. For the ―guilt offering‖ Aaron is again not specified, but it is always a
priest who officiates (Lev 5:16, 5:25–26—Eng6:6–7, 7:1–5), and Aaron is in charge when the offering of
atonement is made (Leviticus 16). Thus the presumption that this anonymous priest should be understood
as Aaron seems valid (cf. 1 Chr 6:34—Eng6:49).
Another priestly function of the Aaronites is participation in ordination. Indeed, the Aaronites
participate in their own ordination ceremony (Leviticus 8). It is run by Moses at Yahweh‘s command, but
Aaron and his sons participate by laying their hands upon the bull of the ―sin offering‖ (8:14), the ram of
the ―burnt offering‖ (8:18), and the ram of the ―ordination‖ (8:22). Finally, they are to eat from the
ordination offering (8:31–36).
An important passage which
,outlines Aaron‘s duties is Leviticus 10:8–11. This passage is unusual
because it is one of the few places where Yahweh speaks directly to Aaron rather than through Moses.
Here Aaron is told to do three things: avoid drinking when going into the tent of meeting; distinguish
between the holy and the common and between the clean and the unclean; and teach the people Yahweh‘s
statutes. One curiosity about the passage is how closely it echoes Ezekiel 44. In Ezekiel the reference is
not to Aaron but to the priests who are the sons of Zadok and who also claim descent from Levi.
Nevertheless, the functions of the priests are very similar: the sons of Zadok are told not to drink before
going into the temple (Ezek 44:21); to distinguish between clean and unclean (Ezek 44:23b); to teach the
people the difference between holy and common (Ezek 44:23a); to act as judge (Ezek 44:24a; cf. Exod
28:29–30); and to keep Yahweh‘s laws (Ezek 44:24b). Although the priestly faction in charge may have
changed, the priestly functions relative to the central shrine remain essentially the same.
The distinction between clean and unclean is the focus of Leviticus 11–14. Moses and Aaron (Lev 11:1)
are to speak to the people about this distinction, and people who are thought to be diseased are to be
brought before Aaron and his sons for examination (Lev 13:1–2). It is Aaron who is to determine clean
and unclean in relation to disease, and to deal with unclean houses and how to cleanse them (Lev 14:33–
57). The same standards of purity apply to the Aaronites themselves. They are to be without blemish and
pure in all ways (Leviticus 21). This is another means of distinguishing Aaron from others, and supports
the contention that Aaron is chosen above the others to be priest (Ps 105:26, 106:16) and to have access to
the holy things (1 Chr 23:13) in the temple (1 Chr 24:19) or in the tent of meeting (Exod 27:21, Num
17:1–5—Eng 16:36–40).
In Joshua 21, the Aaronites are to receive 48 Levitical cities from among the cities recently conquered
by the twelve tribes (vv 4, 10, 13, 19). These cities, along with their pasture lands (but not, presumably,
the agricultural lands [Num 35:1–8]), are to be set aside as land in which the priests can live and raise
herds. This perspective is reiterated in 1 Chr 6:39–66—Eng6:54–81, where there is a special reference to
the sons of Aaron receiving cities of refuge (1 Chr 6:42–45—Eng6:57–60). They are said to receive 13
cities, although only 11 are listed by name, in which a criminal may find refuge from pursuers. In the
other major references to the cities of refuge (Num 35:9–15; Deut 19:1–10; Joshua 20), only 6 cities are
set aside, and there is no mention of the cities being given to Aaron. The Aaronite control of these cities
of refuge may well reflect the Chronicler‘s post-exilic perspective, in which there is a positive image of
Aaron, and the Aaronites are in charge of the priesthood.
Finally, the Aaronites are given the Urim and Thummim (Exod 28:30, Lev 8:5–9). These ―sacred lots‖
are used to determine the will of Yahweh (Num 27:21; 1 Sam 14:36–42, 27:6; cf. 1 Sam 10:20–24) and to
indicate the juridical role of Aaron (Exod 28:29–30a; cf. Ezek 44:24). In Num 27:21, it is Eleazar, the son
of Aaron, the next in the priestly line (cf. Num 20:22–29), who uses the Urim to inquire whether Joshua
should succeed Moses. The Urim and Thummim are thus symbols of special access to God‘s will; and,
according to parts of the biblical tradition, they belong in the hands of the Aaronites.
It is clear that Aaron and the Aaronites play a prominent role as priests. Their fulfillment of that role is
emphasized in the Hebrew Bible, especially in the later materials. That perspective continues in the
intertestamental literature (4 Macc 7:11; 3 En. 2:3; 48A:7), although there are surprisingly few references
to Aaron in this material. In the New Testament, the book of Hebrews speaks of Jesus being called by
God, just like Aaron (Heb 5:4–5). However, to distinguish Jesus from the priests of his contemporary
time, Jesus is said to be of the order of Melchizedek, not that of Aaron and the Levites (Heb 7:4–22).
Thus the writer of Hebrews is claiming a priestly authority for Jesus which predates that of Aaron or Levi
and comes through Melchizedek at the time of Abraham (Gen 14:17–24; Ps 110:4; Heb 7:1–3).
E. Summary
Aaron and the Aaronites play an important role in the religious structure of ancient Israel. The emphasis
upon them and their functions clearly indicates their place as the preeminent priests. However, close
examination of the biblical literature suggests that this prominent role was not present at the beginnings of
Israel and was not won without a struggle. The earlier materials indicate a more significant role for the
Levite and Zadokite priestly factions than for the Aaronites. It is only with the realignment and
reorganization forced upon the Israelites by the trauma of the fall of Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E. that the
Aaronites assume center stage. Then, in the writings of the post-exilic period, the Aaronites are portrayed
as the paradigm of priests, and the other priestly groups are relegated to secondary or servant status. (See
also PRIESTS AND LEVITES.)
Bibliography
Aberbach, M., and Smolar, L. 1967. Aaron, Jeroboam, and the Golden Calves. JBL 86: 129–40.
Cody, A. 1969. A History of Old Testament Priesthood. AnBib 35. Rome.
———. 1977. Aaron: A Figure with Many Facets. BToday 88: 1089–94.
Gunneweg, A. H. J. 1965. Leviten und Priester. FRLANT 89. Göttingen.
Horbury, W. 1983. The Aaronic Priesthood in the Epistle to the Hebrews. JSNT 19: 43–71.
Judge, H. G. 1956. Aaron, Zadok and Abiathar. JTS n.s. 7: 70–74.
Kennett, R. H. 1905. Origin of the Aaronite Priesthood. JTS 6: 161–86.
Meek, T. J. 1929. Aaronites and Zadokites. AJSL 45: 149–66.
North, F. S. 1954. Aaron‘s Rise in Prestige. ZAW 66: 191–99.
Sabourin, L. 1973. Priesthood: A Comparative Study. SHR 25. Leiden.
Welch, A. C. 1939. The Work of the Chronicler. London.
JOHN R. SPENCER
AB [Heb ˒āb (אָב )]. The fifth month of the Hebrew calendar, roughly corresponding to July and August.
See CALENDAR.
ABADDON [Heb ˒ăbaddôn (אֲבַדֹּון )]. Derived from Heb ˒ābad, ―became lost,‖ ―be ruined,
destroyed,‖ ―perish,‖ Abaddon has a variety of nuanced meanings.
A poetic synonym for the abode of the dead, meaning ―Destruction,‖ or ― (the place of) destruction.‖
Abaddon occurs in parallel and in conjunction with Sheol (Job 26:6 and Prov 15:11; 27:20). It is also
found in conjunction with Death (Job 28:22) and in parallel with the grave (Ps 88:12—Eng 88:11).
Although a place of mystery which is hidden from human eyes, Abaddon is clearly known by God (Job
26:6; Prov 15:11). It is twice personified: (1) along with Death, it speaks (Job 28:22); and (2) along with
Sheol, it is insatiable (Prov 27:20). It is also remote: in Job 31:12, adultery becomes ―a fire that consumes
unto [as far as] Abaddon.‖ See also DEAD, ABODE OF THE.
In Rev 9:11, the word ―Abaddon‖ is personified as ―the angel of the bottomless pit.‖ It is also identified
as the king of the demonic ―locusts‖ described in Rev 9:3, 7–10, and is explained for Greek-speaking
readers as Apollyon (Gk apollyōn), ―destroyer.‖
The LXX usually translates Heb ˒abaddon as Gk apōleia, ―destruction‖; the Vg renders it as Latin
perditio, ―ruin, destruction‖ (whence Eng ―perdition,‖ which ordinarily means ―hell‖); in Syr (Pesh*tta),
the cognate word means ―destruction,‖ and is sometimes used in the Psalms to render ―the Pit,‖ which is
another OT synonym of Sheol.
In rabbinic literature, the word has come to mean the place of punishment reserved for the wicked.
Current English versions render this word variously in the OT: ―Abaddon,‖ ―Destruction/destruction,‖
―the place of destruction,‖ ―Perdition/perdition,‖ ―the abyss,‖ ―the world of the
,dead.‖ In the single NT
occurrence, the word is consistently transliterated as ―Abaddon.‖
HERBERT G. GRETHER
ABAGTHA (PERSON) [Heb ˒ăbagtā˒ ( בַגְתָאאֲֲ )]. See MEHUMAN (PERSON).
ABANA (PLACE) [Heb ˒ăbānâ (אֲבָנָה )]. One of two rivers of Damascus, which Naaman the Syrian
considered to be superior to the Jordan (2 Kgs 5:12). The Awaj and the Barada are now the chief streams
that flow through the city of Damascus, the former representing the Pharpar of the Hebrew text and the
latter the Abana. The Barada (Abana) has as its source a large pool of great depth on a high plain rising
1149 feet (383 m) in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, 23 miles (37 km) northwest of Damascus. Making a
rapid descent down the mountains, the stream flows through a picturesque gorge, across a plain, through
Damascus, and loses itself in the marshy lake Bahret el-Kibliyeh about 18 miles (29 km) east of the city.
RAY LEE ROTH
ABARIM (PLACE) [Heb ˓ăbār m (ףֲבָשִים )]. A mountain range generally located east of the mouth of
the Jordan river and northeast of the Dead Sea forming the northwestern rim of the Moabite tableland,
thus separating the latter from the rift valley (Num 33:47–48). The highest peaks of this range rise about
600 feet above the Moabite plateau and overlook the Dead Sea some 4000 feet below their summits.
The mountains of Abarim, a southern extension of the Transjordan range, are located ―in front of [the
town of] Nebo‖ (Num 33:47). One of the peaks of this ridge is Mount Nebo (see also NEBO, MOUNT),
which Moses ascended from the Plains of Moab (Num 27:12) and from which he viewed the land of
Canaan prior to his death (Deut 32:49). The Israelites camped in the mountains of Abarim after leaving
Almon-diblathaim and before reaching the Plains of Moab, the final stage of the exodus from Egypt (Num
33:47–48).
In Jer 22:20 the RSV treats ˓ăbār m as a proper name, assuming it to be a region as are Lebanon to the
north and Basham to the northeast. However, the KJV translates ˓ăbār m by ―passages.‖ Similarly,
several ancient versions (LXX, Vg and Pesh) reflect in their translations of ˓ăbār m in Jer 22:20 the verbal
root meaning ―to cross over‖ or ―to pass over.‖ Abarim may originally have been an appellative (reflected
in the Gk of the LXX translation of Num 27:12 ―to oros to en tō peran‖ i.e. ―[places] on the other side [of
Judah])‖ before it became the proper name ―Abarim.‖ The NEB emends the RSV reading ―valley of the
travelers‖ in Ezek 39:11 to read ―the valley of Abarim‖ (see also TRAVELERS, VALLEY OF).
While most maps confine the Abarim range to the highland north of the river Arnon, several scholars
(GP 1:379; GTTOT: 261; van Zyl 1960: 51) infer from Jer 22:20 and the name of the encampment Iye-
abarim, which by definition appears to be associated with the Abarim range, that the hills of Abarim also
describe the mountains east of the southern end of the Dead Sea. Though the precise location of IYE-
ABARIM is uncertain, scholars generally place it south of the Arnon gorge.
In antiquity Josephus (Ant 4. 8,§48), Jerome and Eusebius made reference to the Abarim hills (Lagarde
1966: 16,5; 89,8; 216,4). For references, see BEER (PLACE).
ARTHUR J. FERCH
ABBA. A form of the Aramaic word for ―father‖ found in Gal 4:6; Rom 8:15; and Mark 14:36 alongside
the Greek ho patēr as an address to God. The presence of ho patēr in every case (instead of the vocative
pater) shows that the NT writers saw abba as a determinative form: ˒abbā˒, ―the father‖; cf. Matt 11:16;
Luke 10:21. Such forms are frequently used in Aramaic and Hebrew when a vocative is required: another
example is talitha (Aram. ṭalyētā˒/ṭalyĕtā˒), rendered to korasion in Mark 5:41. Accordingly the
explanation of abba as the determinative form of ab (―father‖) is almost certainly correct.
Alternatively the form has been explained as a rare vocative (in which case it could just as well be
Hebrew as Aramaic) or as derived from children‘s baby talk (cf. ―Papa,‖ ―Daddy‖). If the last explanation
were right, then the use of abba as an address to God in Mark 14:36 might be thought to imply a special,
indeed a unique, intimacy. This view was held at one time by J. Jeremias, but he later came to regard it as
―a piece of inadmissible naivety‖ (1967: 63). Wrong as it is, it deserves mention not only because of its
extensive dissemination beyond the walls of academia but also because its influence can be detected even
in the work of respected scholars such as J. G. D. Dunn (1975: 21–26; 1980: 22–23) and is explicit in the
most recent writing of M. J. Borg (1987: 45). Apart from the intrinsic unlikelihood of the idea that Jesus
ever addressed God as ―Daddy,‖ the suggestion is ruled out of court by one important fact: wherever abba
is found with the meaning ―father‖ or ―my father‖ (in Mishnaic Hebrew or Targumic Aramaic), it is
equally employed of the fathers of grown-up sons. One instance cited by G. Vermes (1983: 42) is Judah‘s
threat to his unrecognized brother, Joseph, in the Tg. Neof. version of Gen 44:18: ―I swear by the life of
the head of abba, as you swear by the life of the head of Pharaoh your master …‖ And as J. Barr (1988)
emphasizes, inferences concerning the meaning of words must be based upon function, not upon origin or
derivation.
There is no evidence in pre-Christian Palestinian Judaism that God was ever addressed as abba by an
individual Jew in prayer. Jeremias (1967: 59) adduces two instances in the Babylonian (Talmud b. Ta˓an.
23ab) from stories told of sages who lived in the 1st century B.C.; but Schelbert (1981: 398–405) has
shown these attributions to be insecure, a point reemphasized by Fitzmyer (1985: 27) in the most
comprehensive of all recent discussions of the subject. Though God is frequently alluded to as the father
of his people in the OT and elsewhere, the earliest attestation of abba as a personal address to God is Gal
4:6. This should not be taken to imply that the sense of God as the father of the individual supplicant was
not pre-Christian: there are a few passages that perhaps indicate it: Sir 23:1, 4; Wis 2:16; 14:3. This
evidence, however, is neither abundant nor strong.
The question why the Aramaic abba was retained in the Spirit-inspired prayer of Greek-speaking
communities cannot be answered with certainty. But even the single attribution of the term to Jesus (in the
prayer in Gethsemane) lends plausibility to the suggestion that Christian usage was prompted by an
authentic tradition of Jesus‘ own prayer. This is supported by Paul‘s association of the prayer of the
community with the divine sonship of Christ ―God has sent the spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying,
‗Abba! Father!‘ ‖ (Gal 4:6). The fact that Matthew and Luke have different renderings of Jesus‘ prayer to
God in Gethsemane (pater mou, Matt 26:39; pater, Luke 22:42) may be explained in one of two ways:
either the memory of Jesus‘ own prayer did not survive beyond the first written account; or else the use of
abba in Christian prayer was no longer current in the Matthean and Lucan communities.
Finally, what are the christological implications of the use of the term by Jesus? Since the address was
taken over by Christians in their own prayer, they cannot have seen it as evidence of an exclusive
relationship between Jesus and God. Moreover, postbiblical usage (the only comparative material
available) suggests that the nuance of abba as an address is closer to ―Father‖ than the earlier Hebrew and
Aramaic forms (˒āb and ˒ăb respectively), which mean specifically ―my father.‖ These, like abba, can
be used in speaking about one‘s father as well as in addressing him; but unlike abba, they are not used of
another person‘s father. Besides, the Gospels portray Jesus as urging his disciples to regard God as a
father and to address him as their father in prayer. Nevertheless, taken in conjunction
,with other gospel
evidence (e.g. Matt 11:25–27 = Luke 10:21–22) for Jesus‘ own awareness of God as Father, the use of
abba constitutes one especially strong argument for the view that the personal sense of the fatherhood of
God was a typically Christian development of the Judaic tradition, and that this probably originated in a
recollection of Jesus‘ teaching and of the example of his own prayer.
Bibliography
Barr, J. 1988. ―Abba‖ Isn‘t ―Daddy,‖ JTS 39: 28–47.
Borg, M. J. 1987. Jesus: A New Vision. San Francisco.
Dalman, G. 1902. The Words of Jesus. Trans. D. M. Kay. Edinburgh.
Dunn, J. G. D. 1975. Jesus and the Spirit. London.
———. 1980. Christology in the Making. London.
Jeremias, J. 1967. The Prayers of Jesus. London.
Fitzmyer, J. A. 1988. Abba and Jesus‘ Relation to God. Pp. 15–38 in À Cause de l‘Évangile. Lectio Divina 123. Paris.
Schelbert, G. 1981. Sprachgeschichtliches zu ―Abba.‖ Pp. 395–447 in Mélanges Dominique Barthélémy, ed. P. Casetti et al.
Freiburg.
Vermes, G. 1983. Jesus and the World of Judaism. London.
JOHN ASHTON
ABDA (PERSON) [Heb ˓abdā˒ (ףַבְדָֹּא )]. 1. The father of Adoniram (1 Kgs 4:6), an official in charge
of forced labor during King Solomon‘s reign (1 Kgs 5:27—Eng5:14). Abda appears in a list of Solomon‘s
high officials (1 Kgs 4:1–6).
2. The son of Shammua, and descendant of Jeduthun, one of 284 Levites listed among those who
performed their duties in ―the holy city‖ (Jerusalem) under Nehemiah (Neh 11:17; LXX variants of the
name include ōbēb and abdas). As a descendant of Jeduthun, Abda was a member of a family set apart for
musical service by King David (1 Chr 25:1–6). A parallel biblical list (1 Chr 9:14–16) mentions not Abda
but Obadiah (also derived from the Heb root ˓bd), but the Neo-Babylonian Murašu Archive (dated ca.
429–428 B.C.E.) refers to an Ab-da-˒ son of Aplā (Hilprecht 1898: 45.5; Zadok 1976: 17), demonstrating
the contemporaneous use of this name in Babylon.
Bibliography
Hilprecht, H. V., ed. 1898. The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. Series A: Cuneiform Texts. Vol. 9.
Philadelphia.
Zadok, R. 1976. The Jews in Babylonia in the Chaldean and Achaemenian Periods in the Light of the Babylonian Sources. Tel
Aviv.
MARK J. FRETZ
ABDEEL (PERSON) [Heb ˓abdĕ˒ēl ( אֵלףַבְדְֲֹּ )]. The father of Shelemiah, an official of unspecified
status under Jehoiakim, King of Judah (Jer 36:26—LXX 43:26). Together with Jerahmeel and Seraiah,
Shelemiah was ordered by the king to seize Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet (cf. Jer 26:20–
24—LXX 33:20–24, where Uriah the prophet was similarly seized, and then executed). The MT phrase
including ―Shelemiah the son of Abdeel‖ (Jer 36:26) is missing in the LXX, and was likely lost through
hom*oioteleuton (note the similarities between Heb ben-˓abdĕ˒ēl and the preceding ben-˓azr ˒ēl).
MARK J. FRETZ
ABDI (PERSON) [Heb ˓abd (ףַבְדִֹּי )]. 1. A Levite of the clan of Merari, and father of Kishi and
grandfather of Ethan (1 Chr 6:29—Eng6:44). His name appears in an extended genealogy listing Levi‘s
descendants (1 Chronicles 1–9). Abdi‘s son Kishi (Heb qyšy) is probably the Kushaiah (Heb qwšyhw) of 1
Chr 15:17. His grandson, Ethan, served as temple singer under King David and eventually supplanted
Jeduthun as head of the third clan of temple singers (1 Chr 6:16–34—Eng6:31–48; see Williamson 1979:
263).
2. The father of Kish, a Levite who helped cleanse the temple during the reign of King Hezekiah (2 Chr
29:12). See KISH. This Abdi is mentioned in a short list of Levites who cleansed the temple, rather than
in an extended genealogy. However, the appearance of the name ―Abdi‖ in lists from both the Davidic-
Solomonic period (see above) and the Hezekiah period is noteworthy: both Abdi‘s were Levites of the
clan of Merari, their sons had similar names (Kish/Kishi), and their descendants appear to have been
involved in various aspects of temple service. On the one hand, this similarity may be historical: there
may well have been two Levites named Abdi living three hundred years apart, the second of whom named
his offspring Kish and thereby recalled the earlier ―golden age‖ of David and Solomon. On the other
hand, the similarity may be a purely literary creation, a technique whereby the Chronicler supported his
portrayal of Hezekiah as a ―second Solomon‖ (Williamson 1977: 119–25). A third view is that ―Kish the
son of Abdi‖ means ―Kish the descendant of Abdi.‖ According to this view, the legitimizing function of
the Levitical genealogies (1 Chronicles 6) was utilized to indicate not a literal, biological father, but a real
or fictive ancestor for this important Levite, who assisted in cleansing the temple in Hezekiah‘s time.
3. A descendant of Elam who returned from Babylonian exile. This Abdi was one of a number of
returnees who married foreign women from ―the people of the land‖ (Ezra 10:26 = 1 Esdr 9:27 [abdia is a
variant of ōabdeios in 9:27]). Under Ezra, he was subsequently forced by a covenant made with God to
separate himself from his foreign wife and her children (Ezra 10:1–44 = 1 Esdr 8:88–9:36; see also Neh
13:23–31).
Bibliography
Williamson, H. G. M. 1977. Israel in the Books of Chronicles. Cambridge, MA.
———. 1979. The Origins of the Twenty-four Priestly Courses, A Study of 1 Chronicles xxiii–xxvii. Pp. 251–68 in Studies in
the Historical Books of the Old Testament, ed. J. A. Emerton. VTSup 30. Leiden.
MARK J. FRETZ
ABDIEL (PERSON) [Heb ˓abd ˒ēl (ףַבְדִֹּיאֵל )]. The father of Ahi, a prominent member of the tribe of
Gad (1 Chr 5:15) in the northern Transjordan during the reigns of King Jotham of Judah and Jeroboam II
of Israel (mid-8th century B.C.E.). According to various LXX manuscripts, Abdiel is not the father of Ahi
but instead the father of either zaboucham, or achibouz, or simply the brother (Heb ˒ḥy) of Buz (Gk bouz).
The name ―Abdiel‖ occurs in an extended genealogy of Israel that also identifies tribal locations within
Palestine (1 Chronicles 2–8).
MARK J. FRETZ
ABDON (PERSON) [Heb ˓abdôn (ףַבְדֹּון )]. Four individuals mentioned in the OT bear this name,
which is formed on the root ˓bd with an abstract or diminutive ending, thus evoking the sense of ―service‖
or, possibly, ―servile.‖
1. Abdon son of Hillel was from the town of Pirathon in Ephraim (possibly at or near Far˓ata, ca. 10 km
southwest of Shechem). He is one of the tribal leaders who ―judged Israel,‖ for ―eight years,‖ in the
premonarchy period (Judg 12:13–15). Information about him is sketchy. That he had ―forty sons and
thirty grandsons,‖ an odd progression, ―who rode on seventy donkeys‖ may indicate declining wealth and
prominence of one extended family in the central hill country where the territory of Ephraim and
Manasseh merged. Territorial claims were still so unsettled that the area where Abdon lived is also called
―Amalekite hill country‖ (12:15).
2. Another Abdon is the first-mentioned (1 Chr 8:23) of eleven sons of Shashak in a second genealogy
of Benjamin. In contrast to the genealogy in the preceding chapter (1 Chr 7:6–12), chapter 8 is organized
to show distribution of Benjaminite families, at some time not specified, outside as well as within the
―Deuteronomic‖ description of Benjamin‘s territory (Josh 18:11–28; Myers 1 Chronicles AB, 53).
Seemingly contradictory, or inconsistent, genealogies may coexist because they have different functions
(Wilson 1977:203).
3. Another Abdon is the firstborn of Jeiel‘s 9 sons in a list of Saul‘s ancestors which is recorded twice
(1 Chr 8:30 and 9:36).
4. Abdon son of Micah (2 Chr 34:20) is a member of the board of inquiry sent by King Josiah to the
prophetess Huldah, for authentication of the rediscovered ―book of the law.‖ In the parallel account,
however, the name is ACHBOR (2 Kgs 22:14).
Bibliography
Mullen, E. T. Jr. 1982. The ―Minor Judges.‖ CBQ 44: 185–201.
,Wilson, R. R. 1977. Genealogy and History in the Biblical World. New Haven.
ROBERT G. BOLING
ABDON (PLACE) [Heb ˓abdôn (ףַבְדֹּון )]. Var. EBRON. Located in the tribe of Asher, Abdon is
mentioned three times in the OT, once in the territorial allotment to Asher in Josh 19:28 (MT ˓ebrōn;
RSV Ebron) and twice in the Levitical City lists, Josh 21:30 and 1 Chr 6:59—Eng6:74. The biblical site
has been identified with Khirbet ˓Abda (M.R. 165272), a site located 6 km E of the coastal city, Tell
˒Achzib. (See Boling and Wright Joshua AB; Noth Joshua HAT; Peterson 1977: 29–39.)
Khirbet ˓Abda is situated in the coastal plain of Acco and on the important Wadi el-Qarn. Tell ˒Achzib
is located at the W end of the wadi, and Khirbet ˓Abda is situated where the wadi emerges from the
Galilean hills. The importance of this site should not be minimized since it appears to have dominated an
important trade route from Phoenicia to the Galilee region. The remains lie on a fairly large natural hill,
and so the tell itself is actually smaller than at first appears. The surrounding countryside is lush, with the
coastal plain able to support much agricultural activity. There is an ample water supply at the site.
Since the mid-18th century many geographers have visited the site, identifying it with different degrees
of probability. They include Guérin (1868: 2:67), Kitchener (1881: 170), Garstang (1931: 98), Saarisalo
(1929: 39–40), a survey team from the Palestine Department of Antiquities, and most recently the
Levitical City survey team. From the surface surveys conducted at Khirbet ˓Abda, there is indication of
occupation in the LB Age, Iron I, Iron II, Roman, Byzantine, and Arabic periods.
Bibliography
Albright, W. F. 1921–23. Contributions to the Historical Geography of Palestine. AASOR 2–3.
Abel, F. M. 1938. Géographie de la Palestine. Vol. 2. Paris.
Conder, C. R., and Kitchener, H. H. 1881. The Survey of Western Palestine. Vol. 1. London.
Garstang, J. 1931. Joshua, Judges. London.
Guérin, M. V. 1868. Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine. Vol. 2. Paris.
Peterson, J. L. 1977. A Topographical Surface Survey of the Levitical ―Cities‖ of Joshua 21 and I Chronicles 6: Studies on the
Levites in Israelite Life and Religion. Diss. Seabury-Western Theological Seminary.
Saarisalo, A. 1929. Topographical Research in Galilee. JPOS 9: 37–40.
JOHN L. PETERSON
ABEDNEGO (PERSON) [Heb ˓ăbēd nĕgô (ףֲבֵדֲנְגו )]. See SHADRACH, MESHACH,
ABEDNEGO.
ABEL (PERSON) [Heb hebel (הֶבֶל )]. Second son of Adam and Eve (Gen 4:2). Abel was a herdsman
who gave as a sacrifice to the Lord the firstborn of his flock and their fat portions. Yahweh‘s acceptance
of this sacrifice and the rejection of the gift of Abel‘s brother, Cain, set the latter at enmity with him,
prompting Cain to murder Abel in a field (Gen 4:8). The subsequent birth of Seth to Adam and Eve is
understood by Eve as a replacement for Abel (Gen 4:25). In the gospels, Jesus assigns the guilt of all
righteous blood—from that of Abel to that of Zechariah—to the Pharisees of his generation (Matt 23:35;
Luke 11:51). The writer of Hebrews notes that by faith Abel brought a more acceptable sacrifice than his
brother, Cain (Heb 11:4). The next chapter of Hebrews argues for the superiority of the blood of Jesus to
that of Abel (Heb 12:24). Three issues surround the figure of Abel in the Bible: the question as to why
God looked with favor on the offering of Abel; the meaning of the phrase ―the blood of Abel‖ as it is used
in the NT; and the meaning of the name ―Abel‖ and its usage in the story of Genesis.
The biblical text gives no explicit reason for God‘s preference for Abel‘s offering. This has given rise to
speculation. Even the writer of Hebrews does little more than observe the offering as characteristic of
faith. Explanations which focus on the difference in the type of offering of Cain and Abel (Gunkel
Genesis HKAT, 37; Skinner Genesis ICC, 105) or on the difference in their disposition, like those which
emphasize the inscrutable choice of God (von Rad Genesis OTL, 104; Westermann Genesis 1–11 BKAT,
403–4), rely upon suppositions not explicit within the text. Nor is there any support for a rivalry between
farmers and herdsmen (as disputed by Sarna 1970: 28). Note that minḥāh, ―offering,‖ can refer to a grain
offering as well as to a meat offering. The text makes a distinction between Abel‘s offering of the ―first‖
and Cain‘s offering of ―some‖ (Cassuto 1961: 206–7; Sarna 1970: 29; Waltke 1986; Wenham Genesis 1–
15 WBC, 103–4). In offering the firstborn, Abel‘s act parallels that of Israelite sacrifices in which the
firstborn represents both that which belongs to God as well as the entirety of the flock. By giving the
firstborn and the best of the animal (i.e., the fat), Abel would be understood as having given everything to
God.
Jesus‘ observation on the blood of Abel refers to the murder of Abel, which is interpreted as similar to
that of a ―prophet‖; and to that of a martyr, apparently due to its association with the worship of God
(Hill, Matthew NCBC, 315; Marshall, Luke NIGTC, 506; Légasse 1982; Fitzmyer, Luke 20–24 AB, 946,
951).
The focus of Heb 11:4 is on the faith of Abel. He represents the first example of the righteous who are
put to death for their faithfulness. In Heb 12:24 Abel‘s blood represents the murder of an innocent victim.
It cries out for vengeance (Gen 4:10). The blood of Jesus could also represent the murder of an innocent
victim. However, instead of a cry for vengeance, the blood of Jesus provides mercy before God (Le Déaut
1961:30–36; Moffatt, Hebrews ICC, 163–65, 218–19; Hughes 1977:453–57, 551–52).
Attempts to trace the meaning of the name ―Abel‖ to the Akkadian aplu, ―heir‖ (IDB 1: 4) or the
Sumerian synonym, ibila (Landersdorfer 1916: 67–68), seem to be speculative. This is true despite the
occurrence of these elements in Mesopotamian personal names. Nor is a relationship with the names Jabal
and Jubal at the end of chapter 4 clear from the text (contra Skinner, Genesis ICC, 103). A simpler origin
for the name can be found in the Hebrew root hbl, those meaning, ―breath,‖ reflects the more basic idea of
that which is transitory (Cassuto 1961:202; von Rad, Genesis OTL, 104; Westermann, Genesis 1–11
BKAT, 398; TWAT 2:337–38; Wenham, Genesis 1–15 WBC, 102). In the narrative of Genesis 4, Abel
represents a figure whose life is cut short before its full time is accomplished. Although one may argue
that Abel‘s name was intended to signify the general condition of humanity as subject to death, it is better
to see the name as an anticipation of Abel‘s premature death.
Bibliography
Cassuto, U. 1961. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Pt. 1, From Adam to Noah. Trans. I. Abrahams. Jerusalem.
Hughes, P. E. 1977. A Commentary to the Epistle to the Hebrews. Grand Rapids.
Landersdorfer, S. 1916. Sumerisches Sprachgut im alten Testament. Leipzig.
Légasse, S. 1982. L‘oracle contre ―cette génération‖ (Mt 23, 34–36 par Lc 1,49–51) et la polémique judéo-chrétienne dans la
source des logia. Pp. 237–256 in Logia. Les Paroles de Jésus—The Sayings of Jesus, ed. J. Delobel.
Le Déaut, R. 1961. Traditions targumiques dans le corpus Paluinien? (Hebr 11,4 et 12,24; Gal 4, 29–30; II Cor. 3, 16). Bib 42:
28–48.
Offord, J. 1916. Archaeological Notes on Jewish Antiquities. PEFQS 138–48.
Sarna, N. 1970. Understanding Genesis. Heritage of Biblical Israel 1. New York.
Waltke, B. K. 1986. Cain and His Offering. WTJ 48: 363–72.
RICHARD S. HESS
ABEL-BETH-MAACAH (PLACE) [Heb ˒ābēl bêt-ma˓ăkâ (אָבֵלֲבֵית־מַףֲכָה )]. Var. ABEL OF
BETH-MAACAH. A town in the N part of Israel conquered by Ben-hadad at the beginning of the 9th
century B.C. (1 Kgs 15:20) and then by Tiglath-pileser III in 734 B.C. (2 Kgs 15:29). Its identification with
˒bw€ m in the Execration texts (E47)
,1-2 1:543 Schearing, Linda S.
Azzan (PERSON) + 1:543 Panitz, Raphael I.
Azzur (PERSON) 1-3 1:543-544 Dalglish, Edward R.
Baal (DEITY) + 1:545-549 Day, John
Baal (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:549-550 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Baal (PLACE). See also Baalath-Beer (PLACE) 1:550
Baal-Berith (DEITY) + 1:550-551 Lewis, Theodore J.
Baal-Gad (PLACE) 1:551 Benjamin, Paul
Baal-Hamon (PLACE) + 1:551 Schmitz, Philip C.
Baal-Hanan (PERSON) + 1:551-552 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Baal-Hazor (PLACE) 1:552 Thompson, Henry O.
Baal-Hermon (PLACE) + 1:532 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Baal-Meon (PLACE) + 1:552 Piccirillo, Michele
Baal-Peor (PLACE) + 1:553 Slayton, Joel C.
Baal-Perazim (PLACE) 1:553 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Baal-Shalishah (PLACE) + 1:553 Herion, Gary A.
Baal-Tamar (PLACE) + 1:553-554 McGarry, Susan E.
Baal-Zebub (DEITY) + 1:554 Maier, Walter Arthur, III
Baal-Zephon (PLACE) + 1:554-555 Raabe, Paul R.
Baalah (PLACE) 1:555 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Baalath (PLACE) + 1:555 Greenberg, Raphael
Baalath-Beer (PLACE) 1:555-556 Arnold, Patrick M.
Baalbek (PLACE) + 1:556 Smith, Robert Houston
Baale-Judah (PLACE). See Kiriath-Jearim (PLACE)
Baalis (PERSON) + 1:556-557 Geraty, Lawrence T.
ABD Article Index
13
Baalsamus (PERSON). See Maaseiah
Baana (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:557-558 Knobloch, Frederick W.
Baanah (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:558 Knobloch, Frederick W.
Baara (PERSON) 1:558 Harmon, G. Edwin
Baaseiah (PERSON) 1:558 Willett, Tom Wayne
Baasha (PERSON) 1:558-559 Olson, Dennis T.
Bab Edh-Dhra‘ (M.R. 202074) + 1:559-561 Rast, Walter E.
Babel (PLACE) + 1:561-563 Spina, Frank Anthony
Babylon (PLACE):
A-G. Babylon in the OT, etc. + 1:563-565 Margueron, Jean-Claude; Sager, Paul (trans.)
H. Babylon in the New Testament + 1:565-566 Watson, Duane F.
Babylonia (History and Culture). See Mesopotamia, History of
Babylonian Judaism. See Judaism (Babylonian)
Baca, Valley of (PLACE) 1:566 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Bacchides (PERSON) + 1:566-567 Rappaport, Uriel
Bacenor (PERSON) + 1:567 Nelson, Russell D.
Baean (PLACE) + 1:567 Redditt, Paul L.
Bagoas (PERSON) + 1:567-568 White, Sidnie Ann
Bagpipe. See Music and Muscial Instruments
Bahurim (PLACE) 1:568 Schley, Donald G.
Baiterus (PERSON) 1:568 McGehee, Michael David
Bakbakkar (PERSON) 1:568 Dunston, Robert C.
Bakbuk (PERSON) + 1:568 Shearer, Rodney H.
Bakbukiah (PERSON) + 1:568 Augustin, Gary C.
Baker’s Street (PLACE) + 1:568-569 Mare, W. Harold
Balaam (PERSON) + 1:569-572 Hackett, Jo Ann
Baladan (PERSON) + 1:572-573 Hull, John H., Jr.
Balah (PLACE). See also Baalah (PLACE) 1:573
Balah, Deir el- (PLACE). See Deir el-Balah
Balak (PERSON) 1:573 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Balamon (PLACE) + 1:573 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Balas, Alexander (PERSON). See Alexander (PERSON)
Balbaim (PLACE) 1:573 White, Sidnie Ann
Baldness. See Sickness and Disease
Balm + 1:573-574 Jones, Richard N.
Balsam. See Balm
Bamoth (PLACE) + 1:574 Romero, C. Gilbert
Bamoth-Baal (PLACE) + 1:574-575 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Ban (Herem). See Deuteronomy, Book of
Banditry + 1:575-580 Isaac, Benjamin
Bangles. See Jewelry
Bani (PERSON) 1-11 1:580-581 Schley, Donald G.
Banking. See Interest and Usury; Trade and Commerce
Bannas (PERSON). See also Bani; Binnui 1:581 Schley, Donald G.
Banquet, Messianic. See Messianic Banquet
Banqueting Hall/House + 1:581-582 Lewis, Theodore J.
Baptism + 1:583-594 Hartman, Lars
Baptist, John the. See John the Baptist
Baq‘ah Valley (Jordan) + 1:594-598 McGovern, Patrick E.
Bar Kokhba: 1:598-606
Bar Kokhba Revolt + 1:598-601 Isaac, Benjamin; Oppenheimer, Aharon
Bar Kokhba Letters + 1:601-606 Wise, Michael O.
Bar Kosiba. See Bar Kokhba
Bar-Jesus 1:607 Wheeler, Frank E.
Barabbas (PERSON) + 1:607 Wilkins, Michael J.
Barachel (PERSON) + 1:607-608 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Baraita + 1:608 Kraemer, David
Barak + 1:608 Lowery, Kirk E.
Bardaisan of Edessa (PERSON) + 1:608-610 McVey, Kathleen E.
Bariah (PERSON) 1:610 Fuller, Russell
ABD Article Index
14
Barkos (PERSON) + 1:610 Shearer, Rodney H.
Barley. See Agriculture; Flora
Barnabas (PERSON) + 1:610-611 Daniels, Jon B.
Barnabas, Epistle of + 1:611-614 Treat, Jay Curry
Barodis (PERSON) 1:614 McGehee, Michael David
Barsabbas (PERSON) 1-2 1:614 Fry, Virgil R. L.
Bartacus (PERSON) 1:614-615 Carroll, Scott T.
Bartholomew (PERSON) + 1:615 Wilkins, Michael J.
Bartholomew, Gospel (Questions) of + 1:615-616 Daniels, Jon B.
Bartimaeus (PERSON) + 1:616-617 Fry, Virgil R. L.
Baruch (PERSON) 1 + 1:617 Lundbom, Jack R.
Baruch (PERSON) 2-4 1:617-618 Dalglish, Edward R.
Baruch, Book of + 1:618-620 Mendels, Doron
Baruch, Book of 2 (Syriac) + 1:620-621 Charlesworth, James H.
Baruch, Book of 3 (Greek) + 1:621-622 Charlesworth, James H.
Baruch, Book of 4 + 1:622 Robinson, Stephen E.
Barzillai (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:623 Petter, Gerald J.
Basemath (PERSON) + 1:623 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Bashan (PLACE) 1:623-624 Slayton, Joel C.
Basilides + 1:624-625 Mirecki, Paul Allan
Baskama (PLACE) 1:625 Smith, Robert Wayne
Bastion. See Fortifications 1:625
Bat. See Zoology 1:625
Batashi, Tell el- (M.R. 142132) + 1:625-626 Mazar, Amihay; Kelm, George L.
Batashi, Tuleilat el- (M.R. 142132) + 1:627 Kaplan, Jacob
Bath. See Weights and Measures 1:627
Bath-Rabbim (PLACE) + 1:627 Younker, Randall W.
Bathing. See Unclean and Clean
Bathsheba (PERSON) + 1:627-628 Yee, Gale A.
Bathshua (PERSON) 1-2 1:628 Yee, Gale A.
Bavvai (PERSON) 1:628 Schley, Donald G.
Bawdlerization. See Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
Bazaar. See Trade and Commerce (ANE)
Bazlith (PERSON) + 1:628 Shearer, Rodney H.
Bdellium. See Perfumes and Spices
Beads, Beadwork. See Jewelry
Bealiah (PERSON) 1:628 Dillard, Raymond B.
Bealoth (PLACE) 1:628-629 Baker, David W.
Beam. See Plank
Bean. See Flora
Bear. See Zoology
Beatitudes + 1:629-631 Collins, Raymond F.
Beatty, Chester (Papyri). See Chester Beatty Papyri
Beautiful Gate (PLACE) + 1:631-632 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Bebai (PERSON) 1-2 1:632 Shogren, Gary S.
Bebai (PLACE) + 1:632 White, Sidnie Ann
Becher (PERSON) 1:632 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Becorath (PERSON) + 1:632-633 Edelman, Diana Vikander
Bectileth (PLACE) 1:633 White, Sidnie Ann
Bedad (PERSON) + 1:633 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Bedan (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:633 Petter, Gerald J.
Bedeiah (PERSON) 1:633 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Bedouin and Bedouin States + 1:634-638 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Bee. See Zoology
Beeliada (PERSON) 1:638 Howard, David M., Jr.
Beelzebul + 1:638-640 Lewis, Theodore J.
Beer (PLACE) 1-2 + 1:640 Ferch, Arthur J.
Beer-Elim (PLACE) 1:640 Ferch, Arthur J.
Beer-Lahai-Roi 1:640 Thompson, Henry O.
Beer-Resism (M.R. 109206) + 1:640 Dever, William G.
ABD Article Index
15
Beer-Sheba (PLACE) + 1:641-645 Manor, Dale W.
Beera (PERSON) 1:645 O’Brien, J. Randall
Beerah (PERSON) + 1:645-646 Graham, M. Patrick
Beeri (PERSON) 1-2 1:646 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Beeroth (PLACE) + 1:646-647 Dorsey, David A.
Beeroth Bene-Jaakan (PLACE) 1:647 Matthews, Victor H.
Beeshterah (PLACE) + 1:647-648 Peterson, John L.
Beit Mirsim, Tell (M.R. 141096) + 1:648-649 Dever, William G.
Beit Ras (M.R. 230222) + 1:649-650 Lenzen, C. J.
Beitin, Tell (M.R. 172148) + 1:651-652 Dever, William G.
Beka. See Weights and Measures
Bel (DEITY) + 1:652-653 Dalglish, Edward R.
Bel and the Dragon. See Daniel, Additions to
Bela (PERSON) 1-3 + 1:653-654 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Bela (PLACE) + 1:654 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Belial + 1:654-656 Lewis, Theodore J.
Belief, Believers (New Testament) + 1:656-657 Wilkins, Michael J.
Bells + 1:657 Meyers, Carol
Belmain (PLACE) 1:657-658 White, Sidnie Ann
Belnuus (PERSON). See Binnui (PERSON)
Beloved Disciple + 1:658-661 Byrne, Brendan
Belshazzar (PERSON) + 1:661 Sack, Ronald H.
Belt. See Dress and Ornamentation
Belteshazzar (PERSON) 1:661-662 Coxon, Peter W.
Beltethmus (PERSON) + 1:662 Bowman, Craig D.
Ben-Abinadab (PERSON) + 1:662 Knobloch, Frederick
,(Alt 1941: 33) is doubtful, but it can be identified with ibr no. 92 in
the list of Thutmoses III (LBHG, 150) and thus must have been one of the Canaanite centers in the
country. Its role during the revolt of Sheba (2 Sam 20:14–18) may indicate both a certain independence
during the reign of David and the continuation of the Canaanite population. According to the proverb in 2
Sam 20:18, Beth-Maacah must have been famous for its council. The city has been identified with Tell
Abel el-Qamḥ (M.R. 204296), 7 km WNW of Dan.
Bibliography
Alt, A. 1941. Herren und Herrensitze Palästinas im Anfang des zweiten Jahrtansends v. Chr. ZDPV 64: 21–39.
VOLKMAR FRITZ
ABEL-KERAMIM (PLACE) [Heb ˒ābēl kĕrām m (אָבֵלֲכְשָמִים )]. A town on the border of the
Ammonites (Judg 11:33), probably identical with Abila in Eusebius‘ Onomast. (32, 14–16 Klostermann).
According to Eusebius, the distance from Abila to Philadelphia/Rabbath Ammon/Amman is 6 roman
leagues. Based on this reference, suggestions for the location of Abel-Keramim form a circle around
Amman: Nā˓ūr (M.R. 228142; GP 2: 233f), Khirbet es-Suq (KISchr I: 159, n. 3), and Kōm Yājūz (M.R.
237160; Mittmann 1969: 75). These identifications were all ruled out by Redford (1982a; 1982b), who
identified Abel-Keramim with the krmm of Thutmosis‘ III list of Asiatic toponyms (see ANET, 242).
However, Redford‘s own identification of Abel-Keramim at Tell el-˓Umeiri (M.R. 234142) is open to
criticism, since excavations there did not corroborate the LB occupation assumed by Redford on the basis
of his survey. See UMEIRI, TELL EL-. Knauf (1984) adduced evidence from the Islamic conquest
narratives, and proposed identifying Abel-Keramim with Saḥāb. According to early Islamic tradition, in
A.D. 634 a battle was fought between ― bil, Z za˒, and Qasṭal‖ (cf. Donner 1981: 113f). The plain N of
Z za˒, NE of Qasṭal, and S of the Ammonite hill country, now transversed by the Hijaz railway and the
location of Amman‘s international airport, would indeed have formed a splendid battleground for cavalry.
To the N, this plain is dominated by Saḥāb. Sahab was a walled city in the 15th century B.C., and
extensively occupied during the Iron Age. See SAHAB. Its vicinity was densely occupied by hamlets and
farmsteads in the Late Byzantine and Umayyad periods (Gustavson-Gaube and Ibrahim 1986).
Abel-Keramim can be translated ―pasture of vineyards,‖ or since *Karam m/Karamen is previously
attested as this place‘s name, ―the pasture of the vineyard town.‖ Place names containing the abel element
have a high frequency in the OT and in the present toponymy of S Syria, Jordan, and Palestine. These
names seem to have originated among the nonurban population of this area in the course of the LB and
Early Iron Age transition. These names may indicate the sociopolitical change which took place in this
period, i.e. the demise of the city-states and the formation of the Aramaean, Israelite, and Ammonite tribal
states.
Bibliography
Donner, F. M. 1981. The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton.
Gustavson-Gaube, C., and Ibrahim, M. 1986. Sahab Survey, 1984. AfO 33: 283–86.
Knauf, E. A. 1984. Abel Keramim. ZDPV 100: 119–121.
Mittmann, S. 1969. Aroer, Minnith und Abel Keramim (Jdc. 11, 33). ZDPV 85: 63–75.
Redford, D. 1982a. Contact between Egypt and Jordan in the New Kingdom: Some Comments on Sources. Pp. 115–19 in
Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan I, ed. A. Hadidi. Amman.
———. 1982b. A Bronze Age Itinerary in Transjordan (Nos. 89–101 of Thutmose III‘s List of Asiatic Toponyms). JSSEA 12:
55–74.
ERNST AXEL KNAUF
ABEL-MEHOLAH (PLACE) [Heb. ˒ābēl mĕḥôlâ (אָבֵלֲמְחולָה )]. A town located in the western
Jordan ghor (Judg 7:22; 1 Kgs 4:12). It was the hometown of the prophet Elisha, son of Shaphat (1 Kgs
19:16), and probably also of Adriel ben Barzillai the Meholathite, the son-in-law of Saul, the first King of
Israel (1 Sam 18:19; 2 Sam 21:8). The name of the settlement means ―meadow of dancing.‖ It is one of a
group of compound names formed with ˒ābēl, ―meadow, well-watered land,‖ as a descriptive first
element. Other examples include Abel-maim, Abel-sh*ttim, Abel-keramim, Abel-mizraim, and Abel-beth-
maacah. While the present spelling and vocalization of the second element means ―dancing,‖ it is possible
that before the medial waw was added as a vowel marker, the nonvocalized consonantal text mḥlh
designated the Manassite clan of Mahlah (Num 26:33; 27:1; 36:11; Josh 17:3; 1 Chr 7:18), indicating that
the meadow where the town was founded belonged to the Mahlah clan.
The location of the ancient settlement is disputed. 20th-century proposals have included two sites on the
eastern side of the Jordan: Tell Maqlub (M.R. 214201) inland on the north bank of the Wadi el-Yabis
(Glueck 1945–48: 215–23) and Tell el-Meqbereh/Tell Abu Kharaz, in the eastern ghor at the mouth of the
Wadi el-Yabis (Alt 1928:44–46; Noth 1959: 52–60); and four sites in the western Jordan ghor; Ras Umm
el-Harrube (M.R. 196175) in the hills above the north bank of the Wadi Faria (Burney 1914: 94–96); Tell
Abu Sifri (S)/Khirbet Tell el-Hilu, which lies at the junction of Wadi el-Helwah and Wadi el-Malih north
of the Wadi Faria (Albright 1925: 18; Alt 1928:45; GP, 234; Simons 1959: 294; LOB, 284, n. 222); Tell
el-Hamme, which lies at the mouth of the Wadi Losm el-hamme, about 5.25 km north of Tell Abu Sifri
(Hölscher 1910: 17–18); and Tell Abu Sus, which lies about 15 km south of Beth She˒an, at the southern
edge of the Beth She˒an Valley (Naor 1947:90–93; Zobel 1966: 97–101; Mittmann 1970: 128; Rosel
1976: 15; Zori 1977: 38–9; LOB 313; HGB, 63). The town‘s location on the western side of the Jordan
River is clearly indicated by the description of the fifth Solomonic district in 1 Kgs 4:12. The district
included the lowland areas forming an arc around the Gilboa spur, from Taanach in the Esdraelon Plain,
westward, through the Beth She˒an Valley, swinging south to include the western bank of the ghor to the
southern boundary of Abel-Meholah, opposite Jokmeam.
A location in the western ghor is also indicated by the description of the flight of the Midianites from
the Jezreel Valley in Judg 7:22–8:5. Attempting to return to their home in the east, which required the
crossing of the Jordan (Judg 6:33), they are said to have moved southward from the Valley, to Beth-
sh*ttah, as far as the riverbank of Abel-Meholah, near or opposite Tabbath. Gideon is to have sent
mesengers to the inhabitants of the hill country of Ephraim to seize the waters as far as Beth-barah and
also the Jordan against the retreating Midianites, to prevent them from fording the Jordan and escaping
into Gilead or down the eastern ghor to the arabah region south of the Dead Sea. Their failure to act
allowed the Midianites to cross the Jordan, forcing Gideon to cross in pursuit (Judg 8:1–5). Regardless of
one‘s stance as to the historical reliability and date of the Gideon narrative (Payne 1983: 163–72), one can
presume that the author of the story would have been familiar with the geography and the ancient road
systems in the regions depicted in the story, which would not have changed significantly over time. The
information provided requires a location for Abel-Meholah in the western ghor near the Jordan River,
north of Beth-barah and near or opposite Tabbath, and north of the latitude of Succoth on the eastern bank
of the Jordan, which was the first settlement Gideon reached after crossing the river. Eusebius places
Abel-Meholah in the western ghor, identifying it with the Roman settlement known as Bethmaela ten
Roman miles south of Scytholpolis (Beth She˒an). In light of the available information, Tell el-
Meqbereh/Tell Abu Kharaz, Tell Maqlub, and Ras Umm el-Harrube can be eliminated from potential
candidacy.
Archaelogical surveys at Tell Abu Sifri (S)/Khirbet Tell el-Hilu have indicated
,W.
Ben-Ammi (PERSON) + 1:662 Slayton, Joel C.
Ben-Deker (PERSON) + 1:662-663 Knobloch, Frederick W.
Ben-Dosa, Hanina (PERSON). See Hanina Ben-Dosa (PERSON)
Ben-Geber (PERSON) + 1:663 McMillion,Phillip E.
Ben-Hadad (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:663-665 Pitard, Wayne T.
Ben-Hail (PERSON) 1:665 Lowery, Kirk E.
Ben-Hanan (PERSON) 1:665 Smith, David Channing
Ben-Hesed (PERSON) + 1:665-666 Knobloch, Frederick W.
Ben-Hinnom, Valley of (PLACE). See Hinnom Valley
Ben-Hur (PERSON) + 1:666 Knobloch, Frederick W.
Ben-Oni (PERSON) + 1:666 Slayton, Joel C.
Ben-Sira, Wisdom of. See Wisdom of Ben-Sira
Ben-Zoheth (PERSON) 1:666 Smith, David Channing
Benaiah (PERSON) 1-11 + 1:666-668 Knobloch, Frederick W.
Bene-Berak (PLACE) + 1:668 Kaplan, Jacob
Bene Qedem. See East, People of the
Bene-Jaakan (PLACE) 1:668 Matthews, Victor H.
Benedictus + 1:669 Danker, Frederick William
Benefactor + 1:669-671 Danker, Frederick William
Beninu (PERSON) 1:671 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Benjamin (PERSON) 1 + 1:671-673 Schunck, Klaus-Dietrich; Callaway, Phillip R. (trans.)
Benjamin (PERSON) 2-4 1:673 Evans, Craig A.
Benjamin Gate (PLACE) 1:673 Mare, W. Harold
Beno (PERSON) 1:673-674 Wright, John W.
Beon (PLACE) 1:674 Romero, C. Gilbert
Beor (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:674 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Bera (PERSON) 1:674 Astour, Michael C.
Beracah (PERSON) 1:674 Dillard, Raymond B.
Beracah, Valley of (PLACE) + 1:674-675 Mullins, Robert A.
Beraiah (PERSON) 1:675 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Berea (PLACE) 1-3 1:675 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Berechiah (PERSON) 1-8 + 1:675-676 Kennedy, James M.
Bered (PERSON) + 1:676 Davis, M. Stephen
Bered (PLACE) 1:676 Herion, Gary A.
ABD Article Index
16
Beri (PERSON) 1:676-677 Slayton, Joel C.
Beriah (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:677 Mariottini, Claude F.
Berlin Gnostic Codex. See Codex (Berlin Gnostic)
Bernice (PERSON) + 1:677-678 Braund, David C.
Beroea (PLACE) 1-3 1:678-679 Wineland, John D.
Berolinensis, Codex. See Codex (Berlin Gnostic)
Berothah (PLACE) 1:679 Avalos, Hector
Berothai (PLACE) + 1:679 Avalos, Hector
Berries. See Flora
Besai (PERSON) + 1:679 Shearer, Rodney H.
Bescaspamys (PERSON) 1:679
Besodeiah (PERSON) 1:679 Kennedy, James M.
Besor, the Brook (PLACE) + 1:679-680 DeVries, LaMoine F.
bestial*ty. See Punishments and Crimes; Sex and Sexuality
Bet 1:680
Beta 1:680
Betah (PLACE). See also Tebah (PERSON) 1:680
Beten (PLACE) + 1:680 Frankel, Rafael
Beth-Anath (PLACE) + 1:680-681 Lubetski, Meir
Beth-Anoth (PLACE) + 1:681 McGarry, Susan E.
Beth-Arabah (PLACE) 1:681 Thompson, Henry O.
Beth-Arbel (PLACE) + 1:681 Pressler, Carolyn J.
Beth-Ashbea (PLACE) + 1:682 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Beth-Aven (PLACE) + 1:682 Arnold, Patrick M.
Beth-Azmaveth (PLACE). See Azmaveth (PLACE)
Beth-Baal-Meon (PLACE) 1:682 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Beth-Barah (PLACE) 1:682-683 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Beth-Biri (PLACE) 1:683 Herion, Gary A.
Beth-Car (PLACE) + 1:683 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Beth-Dagon (PLACE) + 1:683 Kotter, Wade R.
Beth-Diblathaim (PLACE) 1:683-684 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Beth-Eden (PLACE) + 1:684 Meier, Samuel A.
Beth-Eglaim (PLACE) + 1:684-685 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Beth-Eked (PLACE) + 1:685 Hunt, Melvin
Beth-Emek (PLACE) + 1:685-686 Frankel, Rafael
Beth-Ezel (PLACE) + 1:686 Luker, Lamontte M.
Beth Gader (PLACE) 1:686 McGarry, Susan E.
Beth-Gamul (PLACE) 1:686 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Beth-Gilgal (PLACE) 1:686 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Beth-Haccherem (PLACE) + 1:686-687 Younker, Randall W.
Beth-Haggan (PLACE) + 1:687 Zertal, Adam
Beth-Haram (PLACE) + 1:687 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Beth-Hoglah (PLACE) + 1:687-688 McGarry, Susan E.
Beth-Horon (PLACE) + 1:688-689 Peterson, John L.
Beth-Jeshimoth (PLACE) + 1:689 Romero, C. Gilbert
Beth-le-Aphrah (PLACE) + 1:689 Luker, Lamontte M.
Beth-Lebaoth (PLACE) 1:689-690 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Beth-Maacah (PLACE). See Abel-Beth-Maacah (PLACE)
Beth-Marcaboth (PLACE) + 1:690 Zorn, Jeffrey R.
Beth-Meon (PLACE) 1:690 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Beth-Millo (PLACE) + 1:690 Görg, Manfred
Beth-Nimrah (PLACE) 1:691 Romero, C. Gilbert
Beth-Pazzez (PLACE) 1:691 Hunt, Melvin
Beth-Pelet (PLACE) 1:691 Herion, Gary A.
Beth-Peor (PLACE) 1:691 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Beth-Rapha (PERSON) + 1:691-692 Clem, H. Eldon
Beth-Rehob (PLACE) + 1:692 Herion, Gary A.
Beth-Saida (PLACE) + 1:692-693 Strange, James F.
Beth-Shan (PLACE). See also Scythopolis (PLACE) + 1:693-696 McGovern, Patrick E.
Beth-Shean. See Beth-Shan
ABD Article Index
17
Beth-Shearim (PLACE). See Burials (Ancient Jewish)
Beth-Shemesh (PLACE) 1 + 1:696-698 Brandfon, Frederic R.
Beth-Shemesh (PLACE) 2-4 + 1:696-698 Manor, Dale W.
Beth-sh*ttah (PLACE) 1:698 Thompson, Henry O.
Beth-Tappuah (PLACE) + 1:699 Kotter, Wade R.
Beth-Yerah (M.R. 204235) + 1:699-700 Edwards, Douglas R.
Beth-Zaith (PLACE) + 1:700 Hardwick, Michael E.
Beth-Zatha (PLACE) + 1:700-701 Strange, James F.
Beth-Zechariah (PLACE) + 1:701 Hardwick, Michael E.
Beth-Zur (PLACE) + 1:701-702 Toews, Wesley Irwin
Bethany (PLACE) 1-3 1:702-703 Perkins, Larry J.
Bethany beyond the Jordan + 1:703-705 Riesner, Rainer; Schatzmann, Siegfried S. (trans.)
Bethasmoth (PLACE). See also Azmaveth (PLACE) 1:705
Bethbasi (PLACE) + 1:705-706 Redditt, Paul L.
Bethel (DEITY) + 1:706-710 Dalglish, Edward R.
Bethel (PLACE) 1-2 + 1:710-712 Brodsky, Harold
Bethel-Sharezer (PLACE). See Sharezer (PERSON)
Bether (PLACE) + 1:712 Thompson, Henry O.
Bethlehem (PLACE) + 1:712-715 Cazelles, Henri
Bethphage (PLACE) 1:715 Carroll, Scott T.
Bethuel (PERSON) + 1:715 Hostetter, Edwin C.
Bethuel (PLACE) + 1:715 Herion, Gary A.
Bethulia (PLACE) + 1:715-716 White, Sidnie Ann
Betomasthaim (PLACE) + 1:716 White, Sidnie Ann
Betonim (PLACE) + 1:716 Franklyn, Paul Nimrah
Beyond the Jordan (PLACE) + 1:716-717 Thompson, Henry O.
Beyond the River (PLACE) + 1:717 Hardwick, Michael E.
Bezae. See Codex (Bezae)
Bezai (PERSON) 1:717 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Bezalel (PERSON) 1-2 1:717 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Bezek (PLACE) + 1:717-718 Zertal, Adam
Bezer (PERSON) 1:718
Bezer (PLACE) 1:718-719 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Bible, Bishops’ + 1:719-720 Lewis, Jack P.
Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the + 1:720-725 Pope, Marvin H.
Bible, Statistical Research on the. See Statistical Research on the Bible
Biblical Authority. See Scriptural Authority
Biblical Criticism. 1:725-736
See also Scriptural Authority; Theology (Biblical)
History of Biblical Criticism + 1:726-730 O’Neill, J.C.
New Testament Criticism + 1:730-736 Baird, William
Biblical Scholarship, Japanese 1:737-740
OT Scholarship + 1:737-738 Sacon, Kiyoshi K.
NT Scholarship 1:738-740 Matsunaga, Kikuo
Biblical Theology. See Theology (Biblical), History of
Bichri (PERSON) 1:741 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Bidkar (PERSON) + 1:741 Viviano, Pauline A.
Bigtha (PERSON). See Mehuman; Bigthan
Bigthan (PERSON) + 1:741 Bedford, Peter
Bigvai (PERSON) 1-2 1:741 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Bildad (PERSON) + 1:741-742 Knauf, Ernst Axel; Herion, Gary A.
Bileam (PLACE). See also Ibleam (PLACE) 1:742
Bilgah (PERSON) 1-4 1:742 Wright, John W.
Bilgai (PERSON) 1:742 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Bilhah (PERSON) + 1:742-743 Slayton, Joel C.
Bilhah (PLACE). See also Baalah 2 1:743
Bilhan (PERSON) 1-2 1:743 Matthews, Victor H.
Bilshan (PERSON) 1:743 Bergdall, Chaney R.
Bimhal (PERSON) 1:743 O’Brien, J. Randall
Binding and Loosing + 1:743-745 Collins, Raymond F.
ABD Article Index
18
Binea (PERSON) + 1:745 Brettler, Marc Zvi
Binnui (PERSON) 1-6 1:745 Schley, Donald G.
Biographies, Egyptian. See Egyptian Literature (Biographies)
Biography, Ancient + 1:745-749 Talbert, Charles H.
Bir‘am, Kefar. See Kefar Bir‘am (M.R. 189272)
Birds. See Zoology
Birsha (PERSON) 1:749 Astour, Michael C.
Birzaith (PERSON) 1:749-750 O’Brien, J. Randall
Bishlam (PERSON) + 1:750 Shearer, Rodney H.
Bishops’ Bible. See Bible, Bishops’
Bit. See Zoology
Bithiah (PERSON) 1:750 Lo, Hing Choi
,Bithynia (PLACE) + 1:750-753 Sheppard, Anthony R. R.
Biziothiah (PLACE) 1:753 Herion, Gary A.
Biztha (PERSON). See Mehuman
Blasphemy. See Punishments and Crimes
Blasting/Blight. See Agriculture
Blastus (PERSON) 1:753 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Bless/Blessing + 1:753-755 Richards, Kent Harold
Blessings and Curses + 1:755-761 Urbrock, William J.
Blight. See Agriculture
Blindness. See Sickness and Disease
Blood + 1:761-763 Sperling, S. David
Blood, Avenger of + 1:763-764 Sperling, S. David
Blood, Field of (PLACE). See Akeldama (PLACE)
Blood, Flow of. See Unclean and Clean
Bloodguilt + 1:764-765 Sperling, S. David
Boar. See Zoology
Board. See Plank
Boaz (PERSON) + 1:765 Mathews, Kenneth A.
Bocheru (PERSON) 1:765 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Bochim (PLACE) 1:765 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
Bodmer Papyri + 1:766-767 Pietersma, Albert
Body + 1:767-772 Schweizer, R. Eduard
Bohan, Stone of (PLACE) + 1:772 Baker, David W.
Boil. See Sickness and Disease
Bond 1:772-773
Old Testament + 1:772-773 Schley, Donald G.
New Testament + 1:773 Cook, John G.
Booths, Feast of. 1:773
See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish)
Bor-Ashan (PLACE). See Ashan
Borith (PERSON). See Bukki
Bosor (PLACE) + 1:773 Redditt, Paul L.
Bougaean (PLACE) + 1:773-774 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Bowl. See Pottery (Chronology)
Box Tree. See Flora
Bozez (PLACE) 1:774 Hamilton, Jeffries M.
Bozkath (PLACE) + 1:774 Kotter, Wade R.
Bozrah (PLACE): 1:774-776
1: in Edom + 1:774-775 Hart, Stephen; Hübner, Ulrich
2: in Moab; 3: in Hauran + 1:775-776 Hübner, Ulrich
Bracelets. See Jewelry
Bramble. See Flora
Branch + 1:776-777 Bracke, John M.
Brand, Camel. See Wasm (Camel Brand)
Bread + 1:777-780 Reed, Stephen A.
Bread of the Presence + 1:780-781 Flesher, Paul V. M.
Breastpiece + 1:781 Meyers, Carol
Breastplate. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
ABD Article Index
19
Breeches. See Dress and Ornamentation
Bridal Jewelry. See Jewelry
Bride. See Marriage
Bride of Christ 1:782 Reddish, Mitchell G.
Bridle. See Zoology
Broad Place 1:782
Broad Wall (PLACE) + 1:782 Mare, W. Harold
Brooch. See Jewelry 1:782
Broom Tree. See Flora 1:782
Brother, Brotherhood (NT) + 1:783-782 Wilkins, Michael J.
Brucianus. See Codex (Brucianus)
Buck. See Zoology
Buckler. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Budde Hypothesis + 1:783-784 von Fange, Erich A.
Bukki (PERSON) 1-2 1:784 Panitz, Raphael I.
Bukkiah (PERSON) 1:784-785 McCann, J. Clinton, Jr.
Bul. See also Calendars 1:785
Bull/Bullock. See Zoology
Bunah (PERSON) 1:785
Bunni (PERSON) + 1:785 Schley, Donald G.
Burials: 1:785-794
Israelite + 1:785-789 Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth
Ancient Jewish + 1:789-794 Hachlili, Rachel
Buseirah. See Bozrah
Bushel. See Weights and Measures
Bustard. See Zoology
Butchering Animals. See Zoology
Buz (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:794 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Buz (PLACE) + 1:794 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Buzi (PERSON) 1:794-795 Knauf, Ernst Axel
Buzzard. See Zoology
Byblos (PLACE). See Gebal (PLACE)
Byblos Syllabic. See Languages (Byblos Syllabic Inscriptions)
Cabbon (PLACE) + 1:797 Kotter, Wade R.
Cabul (PLACE) + 1:797 Frankel, Rafael
Caesar + 1:797-798 Jones, Brian W.
Caesar’s Household + 1:798 Hall, John F.
Caesar, Appeal to. See Appeal to Caesar
Caesarea (PLACE) + 1:798-803 Hohlfelder, Robert L.
Caesarea Philippi (PLACE) 1:803 Kutsko, John F.
Caiaphas (PERSON) + 1:803-806 Chilton, Bruce
Cain (PERSON) + 1:806-807 Hess, Richard S.
Cainan (PERSON) 1-2 1:807 Fry, Virgil R. L.
Cairo Genizah. See Damascus Rule (CD)
Calah (PERSON) + 1:807-808 Grayson, A. Kirk
Calamolalus (PERSON) 1:808 McGehee, Michael David
Calamus. See Perfumes and Spices
Calcol (PERSON) + 1:808 Mariottini, Claude F.
Caleb (PERSON) + 1:808-810 Fretz, Mark J.; Panitz, Raphael I.
Calendars: 1:810-820
Ancient Near East + 1:810-814 Rochberg-Halton, Francesca
Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish + 1:814-820 VanderKam, James C.
Calf. See Zoology
Calf, Golden. See Golden Calf
Caligula (Emperor) + 1:820-821 Carroll, Scott T.
Call Stories (GOSPELS) + 1:821-823 Droge, Arthur J.
Callisthenes (PERSON) 1:823 Nelson, Russell D.
Calneh (PLACE) 1:823-824 Meier, Samuel A.
Calvary (PLACE). See Golgotha (PLACE)
Camel + 1:824-826 Zarins, Juris
ABD Article Index
20
Camel Brands. See Wasm (Camel Brand)
Camel’s Hair. See Dress and Ornamentation
Cana of Galilee (PLACE) + 1:827 Strange, James F.
Canaan (PERSON) + 1:828 Hess, Richard S.
Canaan (PLACE) + 1:828-831 Schmitz, Philip C.
Canaan, Conquest of. See Israel, History of (Premonarchic Period)
Canaan, Egyptian Relations With. See Egyptian Relations with Canaan
Canaan, Religion of + 1:831-837 Day, John
Canaanite Language. See Languages (Introductory Survey)
Candace (PERSON) + 1:837 Witherington, Ben, III
Canneh (PLACE) + 1:837 Meier, Samuel A.
Canon. See also Apocrypha 1:837-861
Hebrew Bible + 1:837-852 Sanders, James A.
New Testament + 1:852-861 Gamble, Harry Y.
Canon, Muratorian. See Muratorian Fragment 1:861
Canonical Criticism + 1:861-866 Sheppard, Gerald T.
Canopy 1:866 Meyers, Carol
Canticles, Book of. See Song of Songs, Book of
Cape. See Dress and Ornamentation
Capernaum (PLACE) + 1:866-869 Corbo, Virgilio C.
Caphar-Salama (PLACE) 1:869 Smith, Robert Wayne
Caphtor (PERSON) + 1:869-870 Hess, Richard S.
Capital + 1:870 Meyers, Carol
Capitolias (PLACE). See Beit Ras (M.R. 230222)
Cappadocia (PLACE) + 1:870-872 Sullivan, Richard D.
Carabasion (PERSON) + 1:872 McGehee, Michael David
Caravan. See Travel and Communication
Caria (PLACE) 1:872 Carroll, Scott T.
Carites + 1:872 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Carkas (PERSON). See Mehuman (PERSON)
Carmel (PLACE) + 1:873 DeVries, LaMoine F.
Carmel Caves (M.R. 146230) 1:873-874 Ronen, Avraham
Carmel, Mount (PLACE) + 1:874-875 Thompson, Henry O.
Carmi (PERSON) 1-2 1:875-876 Mariottini, Claude F.
Carmonians 1:876 Herion, Gary A.
Carnaim (PLACE) + 1:876 Redditt, Paul L.
Carpus (PERSON) + 1:876-877 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Carshena (PERSON) + 1:877 Bush, Frederic W.
Carving. See Art and Architecture
Casemate. See Fortifications
Casiphia (PLACE) + 1:877 Herion, Gary A.
Casluhim + 1:877-878 Hess, Richard S.
Caspin (PLACE) 1:878 Smith, Robert Wayne
Cassia. See Perfumes and Spices; Flora
Castanets. See Music and Musical Instruments
Cat. See Zoology
Catholic Epistles. See Epistles, Catholic
Catholic Versions. See Versions, Catholic
Cathua (PERSON) 1:878 McGehee, Michael David
Cattle. See Zoology
Cauda (PLACE) + 1:878 Wineland, John D.
Cavalry. See Military Organization in Mesopotamia
Cedar. See Flora
Ceiling 1:879
Celibacy 1:879
Celsus (PERSON) + 1:879-881 Burke, Gary T.
Cenchreae (PLACE) + 1:881-882 Hohlfelder, Robert L.
Cendebeus (PERSON) + 1:882 Rappaport, Uriel
Censers + 1:882 Meyers, Carol
Census 1:882-884
ABD Article Index
21
Ancient Near East + 1:882-883 Fales, Frederick Mario
Roman Census + 1:883-884 Schmitz, Philip C.
Centurion. See Roman Army
Ceremonial Law. See Law, (Biblical and ANE)
Cerinthus (PERSON) 1:885 co*ckerill, Gareth Lee
Chabris (PERSON) 1:885 White, Sidnie Ann
Chadiasans 1:885 McGehee, Michael David
Chaereas (PERSON) 1:885 Nelson, Russell D.
Chaldea (PLACE) + 1:886-887 Hess, Richard S.
Chalkstones. See Geography and the Bible (Palestine)
Chalphi (PERSON) 1:887 Nelson, Russell D.
Champion. See David’s Champions
Chaphenatha (PLACE) + 1:887 Lillie, Betty Jane
Charax (PLACE) + 1:887-888 Smith, Robert Houston
Charea (PERSON). See Harsha (PERSON)
Chariots + 1:888-892 Littauer, Mary Aiken; Crouwel, J. H.
Charismata. See Holy Spirit; Gifts, Spiritual
Charity. See Love (NT and Early Jewish Literature)
Charmer. See Magic (OT)
Charmis (PERSON) 1:892 White, Sidnie Ann
Chasing. See Jewelry
Chaspho (PLACE) + 1:892-893 Redditt, Paul
,L.
Chebar (PLACE) + 1:893 Thompson, Henry O.
Checker Work 1:893 Meyers, Carol
Chedorlaomer (PERSON) + 1:893-895 Astour, Michael C.
Cheetah. See Zoology
Chelal (PERSON) 1:895 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Chelleans + 1:895 White, Sidnie Ann
Chelous (PLACE) 1:895 White, Sidnie Ann
Chelub (PERSON) 1:895 Nysse, Richard W.
Chelubai (PERSON). See Caleb 1:895
Cheluhi (PERSON). See also Bedeiah 1:895 fa*ger, Jeffrey A.
Chemosh (DEITY) 1:895-897 Mattingly, Gerald L.
Chenaanah (PERSON) 1:897 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Chenani (PERSON) 1:897 Schmidt, Frederick W.
Chenaniah (PERSON) 1-2 + 1:897 Rogers, Jeffrey S.
Chephar-Ammoni (PLACE) + 1:898 McGarry, Susan E.
Chephirah (PLACE) + 1:898 Dorsey, David A.
Cheran (PERSON) 1:898 Matthews, Victor H.
Cherethites + 1:898-899 Ehrlich, Carl S.
Cherith, Brook of (PLACE) 1:899 Younker, Randall W.
Cherub (PERSON) 1:899 McGehee, Michael David
Cherub (PLACE) 1:899 McGehee, Michael David
Cherubim + 1:899-900 Meyers, Carol
Chesalon (PLACE) + 1:900 Mullins, Robert A.
Chesed (PERSON) 1:900 Slayton, Joel C.
Chesil (PLACE) 1:900 Herion, Gary A.
Chester Beatty Papyri + 1:901-903 Pietersma, Albert
Chesulloth (PLACE). See also Chisloth-Tabor (PLACE) 1:903
Chezib (PERSON) 1:903 McGehee, Michael David
Chezib (PLACE) + 1:903-904 Manor, Dale W.
Chi 1:904
Chiasm, Chiasmus. See Psalms, Book of
Chicken. See Zoology
Chidon (PERSON). See also Nacon (PERSON) 1:904
Chidon (PLACE) 1:904 Mullins, Robert A.
Chief. See Palestine, Administration of: Judean Officials (Postexilic)
Child, Children + 1:904-907 Grassi, Joseph A.
Chileab (PERSON) 1:907 Howard, David M., Jr.
Chiliasm + 1:908 Ford, J. Massyngbaerde
ABD Article Index
22
Chilion (PERSON) + 1:908 Mathews, Kenneth A.
Chilmad (PLACE) + 1:908-909 Thompson, Henry O.
Chimham (PERSON) 1:909 Dempster, Stephen G.
Chinnereth (PLACE) + 1:909-910 Fargo, Valerie M.
Chinnereth, Sea of (PLACE). See Galilee, Sea of
Chios (PLACE) 1:910 Carroll, Scott T.
Chislev. 1:910
See also Calendars (Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish)
Chislon (PERSON) 1:910 Panitz, Raphael I.
Chisloth-Tabor (PLACE) + 1:910-911 Frankel, Rafael
Chitlish (PLACE) + 1:911 Kotter, Wade R.
Chloe (PERSON) + 1:911 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Choba (PLACE) 1:911 White, Sidnie Ann
Chorazin (PLACE) + 1:911-912 Smith, Robert Wayne
Chorbe (PERSON) 1:912 Pacwa, Mitchell C.
Chosamaeus (PERSON) 1:912 McGehee, Michael David
Chreia + 1:912-914 Hock, Ronald F.
Christ + 1:914-921 de Jonge, Marinus
Christ, Body of + 1:921-923 Luter, A. Boyd, Jr.
Christ, Day of. See Day of Christ
Christ, Death of + 1:923-925 Matera, Frank J.
Christian + 1:925-926 Wilkins, Michael J.
Christian Art, Early. See Art and Architecture (Early Christian)
Christian Attitude toward Rome. See Rome, Early Christian Attitudes to
Christian Literature, Early. See Literature, Early Christian
Christian Ministry. See Ministry in the Early Church
Christian Papyri. See Papyri, Early Christian
Christian-Jewish Relations. See Jewish-Christian Relations (70-170)
Christianity 1:926-979
Early Social Life and Organization + 1:927-935 White, L. Michael
Early Jewish Christianity + 1:935-938 Schille, Gottfried
Christianity in Asia Minor + 1:938-954 Oster, Richard E., Jr.
Christianity in Egypt + 1:954-960 Pearson, Birger A.
Christianity in Greece + 1:960-965 McDonald, Lee Martin
North African Christianity + 1:965-968 Petersen, William L.
Christianity in Rome + 1:968-970 Snyder, Graydon F.
Christianity in Syria + 1:970-979 Bundy, David
Christianity, Sociology of Early. See Sociology (Early Christianity)
Christians, Persecution of. See Persecution of the Early Church
Christology (NT) + 1:979-991 Dunn, James D. G.
Chronicles of the Kings (Israel/Judah), Book of the + 1:991-992 Christensen, Duane L.
Chronicles, Book of 1-2 1:992-1002 Klein, Ralph W.
Chronographer, Demetrius the. See Demetrius the Chronographer
Chronology.: 1:1002-1022
See also Egypt, History of (Chronology); Mesopotamia, History of (Chronology)
Hebrew Bible + 1:1002-1011 Cogan, Mordechai
New Testament + 1:1011-1022 Donfried, Karl P.
Churches, Seven. See Seven Churches
Chusi (PLACE) + 1:1022 White, Sidnie Ann
Chuza (PERSON) 1:1022 Fry, Virgil R. L.
Cilicia (PLACE) + 1:1022-1024 Bing, J. Daniel
Cimmerians + 1:1025 Wineland, John D.
Cinnamon. See Perfumes and Spices; Flora
Circumcision + 1:1025-1031 Hall, Robert G.
Circumlocution. 1:1031
See also Bible, Euphemism and Dysphemism in the
Cistern of Sirah (PLACE). See Sirah, Cistern of (PLACE)
Cisterns. See Agriculture
Cities: 1:1031-1048
Cities in the Levant + 1:1031-1043 Herzog, Ze’ev
ABD Article Index
23
Greco-Roman Cities + 1:1043-1048 Stambaugh, John E.
Cities of Refuge. See Refuge, Cities of
Cities, Levitical. See Levitical Cities
Citizenship + 1:1048-1049 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
City Authorities + 1:1049-1050 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie
City Names + 1:1050-1052 Arbeitman, Yoël L.
City of David. See David, City of (PLACE)
City of David, Stairs of. See Stairs of the City of David
City of Palm Trees (PLACE) + 1:1052-1053 Kobayashi, Yosh*taka
City of Salt (PLACE) + 1:1053 Thompson, Henry O.
City of the Sun (PLACE). See Sun, City of the
Clams. See Zoology
Clan. See Family
Claromontanus. See Codex Claromontanus
Claudia (PERSON) + 1:1053 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Claudius (EMPEROR) + 1:1054-1055 Jones, Brian W.
Claudius Lysias (PERSON) 1:1055 Watson, JoAnn Ford
Clay. See Pottery (Technology)
Clean. See Unclean and Clean
Clement (PERSON) + 1:1055 Gillman, John L.
Clement, First Epistle of + 1:1055-1060 Welborn, Laurence L.
Clement, Second Epistle of + 1:1061 Grant, Robert M.
Clementines, Pseudo- + 1:1061-1062 Jones, F. Stanley
Cleodemus Malchus + 1:1062-1063 Holladay, Carl R.
Cleopas (PERSON) + 1:1063-1064 O’Toole, Robert F.
Cleopatra (PERSON) 1-4 + 1:1064 Whitehorne, John
Clergy. See Ministry in the Early Church
Client Kings + 1:1064-1066 Braund, David C.
Cloisonne. See Jewelry
Clopas (PERSON) 1:1066 Daniels, Jon B.
Clothing. See Dress and Ornamentation
Cloud, Pillar of. See Pillar of Fire and Cloud
Club, War. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Clubs. See Associations, Clubs, Thiasoi
Cnidus (PLACE) + 1:1066-1067 Olson, Mark J.
Coat of Mail. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Code. See Law (Biblical and ANE)
Codex: 1:1067-1075
See also Canon (New Testament); Chester Beatty Papyri; Nag Hammadi; Papyri, Early Christian; and Pistis Sophia
The Codex + 1:1067-1069 Gamble, Harry Y.
Codex Alexandrinus + 1:1069 Slayton, Joel C.
Berlin Gnostic Codex + 1:1069-1070 Parrott, Douglas M.
Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis + 1:1070-1071 Parker, D. C.
Codex Brucianus + 1:1071-1072 Williams, Michael A.
Codex Claromontanus + 1:1072-1073 Robbins, Gregory Allen
Codex Ephraimi Rescriptus + 1:1073-1074 Parker, D. C.
Codex Sinaiticus + 1:1074 Charlesworth, James H.
Codex Vaticanus + 1:1074-1075 Parker, D. C.
Codex Washingtonianus + 1:1075 Hurtado, Larry W.
Coele-Syria (PLACE) + 1:1075-1076 Smith, Robert Wayne
Cohort, Augustan. See Augustan Cohort
Cohort, Italian. See Italian Cohort
Coinage + 1:1076-1089 Betlyon, John W.
Col-Hozeh (PERSON) 1:1089 Augustin, Gary C.
Colonies, Roman. See Roman Colonies
Colossae (PLACE) + 1:1089-1090 Arnold, Clinton E.
Colossians, Epistle to the + 1:1090-1096 Furnish, Victor Paul
Columbaria. See also Zoology 1:1096
Commagene (PLACE) + 1:1096-1097 Sullivan, Richard D.
Commandment + 1:1097-1099 Collins, Raymond F.
ABD Article Index
24
Commandments, Ten. See Ten Commandments
Commission, Great. See Great Commission
Communication. See Travel and Communication
Communion. See Lord’s Supper; Agape Meal
Community 1:1099-1110
Old Testament + 1:1099-1103 Hanson, Paul D.
New Testament Koinōnia + 1:1103-1110 Wall, Robert W.
Community, Rule of
,the (1QS). See also Qumran; Essenes + 1:1110-1112 Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome
Compassion. See Love
Computers and Biblical Studies + 1:1112-1124 Parunak, H. Van Dyke
Conaniah (PERSON) + 1:1124-1125 Lowery, Kirk E.
Concept of Our Great Power, The (NHC VI,4) + 1:1125 Goehring, James E.
Coney. See Zoology
Conflate Readings in the OT + 1:1125-1128 Trebolle, Julio
Conjuring. See Magic (OT)
Conquest of Canaan. See Israel, History of
Conscience + 1:1128-1130 Wall, Robert W.
Constellations. See Astrology in the Near East
Constitution. See Law (in Judaism of the NT Period)
Constitutions and Canons, Apostolic. See Apostolic Constitutions and Canons
Contibution for the Saints + 1:1131 Jervis, L. Ann
Conversion + 1:1131-1133 Gaventa, Beverly Roberts
Coops, Pigeon. See Zoology
Copper Scroll (3Q15) + 1:1133-1134 Pixner, Bargil (Virgil)
Coptic Language. See Languages (Coptic)
Coptic Versions. See Versions, Ancient (Coptic)
Cor. See Weights and Measures
Corban + 1:1134 Wilcox, Max
Corinth (PLACE) + 1:1134-1139 Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome
Corinthians, First Epistle to the + 1:1139-1148 Betz, Hans Dieter; Mitchell, Margaret M.
Corinthians, Second Epistle to + 1:1148-1154 Betz, Hans Dieter
Corinthians, Third Epistle to + 1:1154 Thomason, Dana Andrew
Cormorant. See Zoology
Cornelius (PERSON) + 1:1154-1156 Gaventa, Beverly Roberts
Corner Gate (PLACE) + 1:1156 Liid, Dale C.
Corporate Personality + 1:1156-1157 Rogerson, J. W.
Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti + 1:1157-1161 van der Horst, Peiter W.
Corrections of the Scribes. See Scribal Emendations; Textual Criticism; Masorah
Corruption, Mount of (PLACE) + 1:1161 Mare, W. Harold
Cos (PLACE) 1:1161-1162 Carroll, Scott T.
Cosam (PERSON) + 1:1162 Porter, Stanley E.
Cosmogony, Cosmology + 1:1162-1171 Oden, Robert A., Jr.
Cotton. See Flora; Dress and Ornamentation
Council. See Sanhedrin
Council of Jamnia. See Jamnia (Jabneh), Council of
Council of Jerusalem. See Jerusalem, Council of
Council, Heavenly. See Divine Assembly; Hosts, Lord of
Counsellors. See Palestine, Administration of: Postexilic Judean Officials
Counting. See Numbers and Counting
Courier. See Travel and Communication (ANE)
Court Narrative (2 Samuel 9-1Kings 2) + 1:1172-1179 Forshey, Harold O.
Court of the Guard. See Guard, Court of the
Courts. See Law, Biblical and ANE
Covenant + 1:1179-1202 Mendenhall, George E.; Herion, Gary A.
Covet, Covetousness. See Wanting and Desiring
Cowardice. See Virtue/Vice Lists
Cozbi (PERSON) + 1:1202 Hutton, Rodney R.
Cozeba (PLACE) + 1:1202 McGarry, Susan E.
Craftsmen, Valley of (PLACE) + 1:1202-1203 Hunt, Melvin
Crates (PERSON) + 1:1203 Hardwick, Michael E.
ABD Article Index
25
Crawling and Creeping Things + 1:1203 Wright, David P.
Creatures, Living. See Zoology
Creeds, Early Christian + 1:1203-1206 Leith, John H.
Crescens (PERSON) 1:1206 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Crescents. See Jewelry
Crete (PLACE) + 1:1206 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Crimes and Punishments. See Punishments and Crimes
Crispus (PERSON) 1:1206 Gillman, John L.
Criticism, Biblical. See Biblical Criticism
Crocus. See Flora
Crow. See Zoology
Crown. See Jewelry
Crucifixion + 1:1207-1210 O’Collins, Gerald G.
Cruse + 1:1210 Meyers, Carol
Ctesias + 1:1211-1212 Briant, Pierre; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Cub (PLACE). See Libya
Cubit. See Weights and Measures
Cucumber. See Flora
Cummin. See Flora
Cun (PLACE) + 1:1212 Avalos, Hector
Cuneiform + 1:1212-1218 Cooper, Jerrold S.
Curse + 1:1218-1219 Stuart, Douglas
Cush (PERSON) 1-2 1:1219 Johnson, Siegfried S.
Cushan (PLACE) + 1:1219-1220 Baker, David W.
Cushan-Rishathaim (PERSON) + 1:1220 Bartlett, John R.
Cushi (PERSON) 1-2 1:1220 Dalglish, Edward R.
Cuth (PLACE) 1:1220-1221 Meier, Samuel A.
Cutha (PERSON) 1:1221 McGehee, Michael David
Cyamon (PLACE) 1:1221 White, Sidnie Ann
Cyclone. See Palestine, Climate of
Cymbals. See Music and Musical Instruments
Cynics + 1:1221-1226 Hock, Ronald F.
Cypress. See Flora
Cyprian + 1:1226-1228 Clarke, G. W.
Cyprus (PLACE) + 1:1228-1230 McRay, John
Cyrene (PLACE) + 1:1230-1231 Gasque, W. Ward
Cyril of Jerusalem, 20th Discourse of. See Virgin, Assumption of the
Cyrus (PERSON) 1:1231-1232 Young, T. Cuyler, Jr.
D. See also Deuteronomy, Book of 2:1
Dabbesheth (PLACE) 2:1 Greenberg, Raphael
Daberath (PLACE) + 2:1 Peterson, John L.
Dabria (PERSON) + 2:1 Han, Jin Hee
Dagon (DEITY) + 2:1-3 Handy, Lowell K.
Dalet 2:3
Daliyeh, Wadi ed- (M.R. 189155) + 2:3-4 Cross, Frank Moore
Dalmanutha (PLACE) + 2:4 Strange, James F.
Dalmatia (PLACE) + 2:4-5 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Dalphon (PERSON) + 2:5 Bedford, Peter
Damaris (PERSON) + 2:5 Witherington, Ben, III
Damascus (PLACE). See also Aram 2:5-8
Pre-Hellenistic History 2:5-7 Pitard, Wayne T.
The Greco-Roman Period 2:7-8 McRay, John
Damascus Rule (CD) 2:8-10 Davies, Philip R.
Dan (PERSON) + 2:10-12 Whitelam, Keith W.
Dan (PLACE) + 2:12-17 Biran, Avraham
Daniel (PERSON) 1-3 2:17-18 Howard, David M., Jr.
Daniel, Additions to + 2:18-28 Moore, Carey A.
Daniel, Apocalypse of + 2:28-29 Zervos, George T.
Daniel, Book of + 2:29-37 Collins, John J.
Dannah (PLACE) 2:37 Kotter, Wade R.
ABD Article Index
26
Daphne (PLACE) 2:37 Hardwick, Michael E.
Dara (PERSON) 2:37 Mariottini, Claude F.
Darda (PERSON) 2:37 McMillion,Phillip E.
Daric. See Coinage
Darius (PERSON) 2:37-38 Young, T. Cuyler, Jr.
Darius the Mede (PERSON) + 2:38-39 Koch, Klaus
Darkon (PERSON) + 2:39-40 Shearer, Rodney H.
Dart. See Weapons and Implements of Warfare
Date Palm. See Flora
Dathan (PERSON) + 2:40 Hutton, Rodney R.
Dathema (PLACE) + 2:40 Redditt, Paul L.
Daughter. See Family
Daughters of Philip. See Philip (PERSON)
David (PERSON) + 2:41-49 Howard, David M., Jr.
David’s Champions + 2:49-52 Schley, Donald G.
David, City of (PLACE) + 2:52-67 Tarler, David; Cahill, Jane M.
David, Sons of 2:67-69 Howard, David M., Jr.
Davidic Covenant + 2:69-72 Guinan, Michael D.
Dawn, The. See Shahar (DEITY)
Day of Atonement + 2:72-76 Wright, David P.
Day of Christ + 2:76-79 Hiers, Richard H.
Day of Judgement + 2:79-82 Hiers, Richard H.
Day of the Lord + 2:82-83 Hiers, Richard H.
Day of Yahweh + 2:84-85 Cathcart, Kevin J.
Dead Sea. See Salt Sea (PLACE)
Dead Sea Scrolls. See also Wadi Murabbaat + 2:85-101 Collins, John J.
Dead, Abode of the + 2:101-105 Lewis, Theodore J.
Dead, Cult of the + 2:105-108 Kennedy, Charles A.
Death 2:108-111
Old Testament + 2:108-110 Richards, Kent Harold
New Testament + 2:110-111 Gulley, Norman R.
Death of Christ. See Christ, Death of
Death, Pollution of. See Heifer, Red
Death, Second + 2:111-112 Watson, Duane F.
Debir (PERSON) 2:112 Schley, Donald G.
Debir (PLACE) 1 + 2:112 Herion, Gary A.; Manor, Dale W.
Debir (PLACE) 2-3. See also Lo-Debar 2:112-113 Lott, Jeffrey K.
Deborah (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:113-114 Boling, Robert G.
Debts + 2:114-116 Chilton, Bruce
Decapolis + 2:116-121 Rey-Coquais, Jean-Paul; Rosoff, Stephen (trans.)
Decision, Valley of (PLACE). See also Jehoshaphat, Valley of 2:121 Mare, W. Harold
Deconstruction. See Post-Structuralist Analysis
Dedan (PLACE) + 2:121-123 Graf, David F.
Dedication, Feast of + 2:123-125 VanderKam, James C.
Deep, The + 2:125-126 Seow, C. L.
Deer. See Zoology
Defile. See Unclean and Clean
Deir ‘Alla, Tell (M.R. 209178) 2:126-130
Archaeology + 2:126-129 Franken, H.J.
Texts + 2:129-130 Hackett, Jo Ann
Deir el-Balah (M.R. 088093) + 2:130-133 Dothan, Trude
Deities, Semitic. See Names of God in the OT
Deity Names. See Names of God in the OT
Delaiah (PERSON) 1-3 + 2:133 Wright, John W.
Delilah (PERSON) + 2:133-134 Exum, J. Cheryl
Delos (PLACE) + 2:134 Pattengale, Jerry A.
Delta 2:134
Demas (PERSON) + 2:134-135 Gillman, Florence Morgan
Demetrius (PERSON) 1-6 + 2:135-137 Lillie, Betty Jane
Demetrius (PERSON)
